PMD TECHNOLOGY

GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.6)

2009-07-20T05:34:00.000-07:00

GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.6)
Intel® X58 + ICH10R Chipset

2 oz PCB design with copper cooled quality for lower working temperature
Supports the newest Intel® Core™ i7 processors in socket LGA1366 with QPI 6.4 GT/s
Revolution energy saving design with DES Advanced featuring hardware based Dynamic 4-Gear switching
Supports 3 channel DDR3 2100+ memory
Scalable ability to both CrossFireX and SLI support for ultimate graphics
Unique hardware control IC to provide more precision voltage control
100% 50,000 hour lifespan Japanese solid capacitors design
Patented DualBIOS with dual hardware BIOS protection
Features high speed Gigabit Ethernet connection
Home theater quality 8-channel High Definition Audio

GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.0)

2009-07-14T03:27:00.000-07:00

GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.0)
Intel® X58 + ICH10R Chipset

2 oz PCB design with copper cooled quality for lower working temperature
Supports the newest Intel® Core™ i7 processors in socket LGA1366 with QPI 6.4 GT/s
Revolution energy saving design with DES Advanced featuring hardware based Dynamic 4-Gear switching
Supports 3 channel DDR3 2000+ memory
2 PCI-E 2.0 x16 graphics interface with CrossFireX and SLI support for ultimate graphics performance
Unique hardware control IC to provide more precision voltage control
100% 50,000 hour lifespan Japanese solid capacitors design
Patented DualBIOS with dual hardware BIOS protection
Features high speed Gigabit Ethernet connection
Home theater quality 8-channel High Definition Audio

GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.0) DRIVER

Audio

(2009/07/09)
Realtek Function driver for Realtek Azalia audio chip (Including Microsoft UAA Driver in English edition)Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http)(Version r2.26 / Size 35.55 MB)
(2006/10/03)
Microsoft UAA (Universal Audio Architecture) Bus driver (Full Multi-language version )Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 5.10.0.5010/ Size 29.87 MB )

Chipset

(2008/10/15)
Intel INF installationDownload from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 9.1.0.1007 / Size 1.19 MB)

LAN

(2009/07/09)
Realtek PCIe LAN DriverDownload from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 5.724.0423.2009 / Size 2.89 MB )

SATA RAID

(2008/11/13)
GIGABYTE SATA2 RAID DriverDownload from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 1.17.42.09g / Size 3.14 MB )
(2008/11/13)
GIGABYTE SATA2 RAID Driver (Preinstall driver)Note: Press F6 during Windows* setup to read from floppy. (For non-VISTA operating systems)Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 1.17.42.09g / Size 0.15 MB)
(2008/09/15)
Intel ICH9R/ICH10R SATA RAID Driver Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 8.5.0.1032 / Size 25.23 MB)
(2008/09/15)
Intel ICH9R/ICH10R Driver (Preinstall driver)Note: Press F6 during Windows* setup to read from floppy. (For non-VISTA operating systems)Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version 8.5.0.1032 / Size 0.28 MB)

You can also scan your computer for other driver updates with DriverAgent DOWNLOAD NOW.
Contact For (A.M.C)Annual maintance Charges Service in MUMBAI Only. Service engineer : Mr.Prem Singh
Contact NO: 9702222903/9867659098/022 28109275/9221471873
http://www.gigabyte.com.tw/Support/Motherboard/Driver_Model.aspx?ProductID=2989&ost=xp#anchor_os

GA-EX58-EXTREME (rev. 1.0)

2009-07-13T09:25:00.000-07:00

GA-EX58-EXTREME (rev. 1.0)
Intel® X58 + ICH10R Chipset

Ultra Durable 3 Technology with copper cooled quality for lower working temperature
Supports the newest Intel® Core™ i7 processors in socket LGA1366 with QPI 6.4 GT/s
Revolution energy saving design with DES Advanced featuring hardware based Dynamic 6-Gear switching
Supports 3 channel DDR3 2100+ memory
Scalable ability to both 3 way CrossFireX and 3 way SLI support for ultimate graphics performance
Advanced 12+2+2 power phase design with VRD 11.1 support
New Hybrid Silent-Pipe 2 design provides unequalled heat conductivity
Unique hardware control IC to provide more precision voltage control
100% 50,000 hour lifespan Japanese solid capacitors design
Onboard Debug LED display simplifies motherboard troubleshooting
Patented DualBIOS with dual hardware BIOS protection
2 Gigabit Ethernet LAN with Teaming functionality
Supports Dolby Home Theater audio to create a stunning surround sound listening experience
Power/reset/Clr CMOS onboard button for easily operation on the workbench
Blu-ray playback outputs supported by high quality 106dB SNR ALC889A HD audio

File:motherboard_manual_ga-ex58-extreme_e.pdf

(Asia / Download) (Asia(China) / Download) (America / Download) (Europe / Download)

(Europe(Russia) / Download : ftp / http)

GA-EX58-EXTREME (rev. 1.0) driver

Audio
(2009/07/09) Realtek Function driver for Realtek Azalia audio chip (Including Microsoft UAA Driver in English edition)Download from :(Asia Asia(China) America Europe Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version / r2.26) (Size / 35.55 MB)
(2006/10/03) Microsoft UAA (Universal Audio Architecture) Bus driver (Full Multi-language version )Download from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe / Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version /5.10.0.5010) (Size / 29.87 MB)
Chipset
(2008/10/15) Intel INF installationDownload from :(Asia / Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version /9.1.0.1007) (Size / 1.19 MB )
LAN
(2009/07/09) Realtek PCIe LAN DriverDownload from : (Asia / Asia(China) America Europe Europe(Russia) : ftp / http) (Version /5.724.0423.2009) (Size /2.89 MB)
SATA RAID
(2008/11/13)
GIGABYTE SATA2 RAID DriverDownload from : (Asia /Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http)
(Version/ 1.17.42.09g)
(Size/ 3.14 MB)
(2008/11/13)
GIGABYTE SATA2 RAID Driver (Preinstall driver)Note: Press F6 during Windows* setup to read from floppy. (For non-VISTA operating systems)Download from : (Asia / Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http )
(Version/ 1.17.42.09g)
(Size/ 0.15 MB)
(2008/09/15)
Intel ICH9R/ICH10R SATA RAID Driver Download from : (Asia / Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http )
(Version/ 8.5.0.1032)
(Size/ 25.23 MB )
(2008/09/15)
Intel ICH9R/ICH10R Driver (Preinstall driver)Note: Press F6 during Windows* setup to read from floppy. (For non-VISTA operating systems)Download from : (Asia / Asia(China) /America /Europe /Europe(Russia) : ftp / http )
(Version/ 8.5.0.1032)
(Size/ 0.28 MB )

http://www.gigabyte.com.tw/Support/Motherboard/Driver_Model.aspx?ProductID=2957&ost=xp#anchor_os

Socket 1366

2009-07-13T09:20:00.000-07:00

GA-EX58-DS4 (rev. 1.0)
GA-EX58-EXTREME (rev. 1.0)
GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.0)
GA-EX58-UD3R (rev. 1.6)
GA-EX58-UD4 (rev. 1.0)
GA-EX58-UD4P (rev. 1.0)
GA-EX58-UD5 (rev. 1.0)

You can also scan your computer for other driver updates with DriverAgent DOWNLOAD NOW.
Contact For (A.M.C)Annual maintance Charges Service in MUMBAI Only. Service engineer : Mr.Prem Singh
Contact NO: 9702222903/9867659098/022 28109275/9221471873

GA-EX58-DS4 (BIOS)

2009-07-13T08:54:00.000-07:00

GA-EX58-DS4 (rev. 1.0)
Intel® X58 + ICH10R Chipset

Supports the newest Intel® Core™ i7 processors in socket LGA1366 with QPI 6.4 GT/s
Revolution energy saving design with DES Advanced featuring hardware based Dynamic 6-Gear switching
Supports 3 channel DDR3 2100+ memory
3 way CrossFireX support for ultimate graphics performance
Advanced 12+2+2 power phase design with VRD 11.1 support
Unique hardware control IC to provide more precision voltage control
100% 50,000 hour lifespan Japanese solid capacitors design
Patented DualBIOS with dual hardware BIOS protection
Power/reset/Clr CMOS onboard button for easily operation on the workbench
Features high speed Gigabit Ethernet connection
Features SATA 3Gb/s with RAID function
Home theater quality 8-channel High Definition Audio

Download from ... / F6 / 2009/05/11 / Update new CPU microcode

Asia / Download
Asia(China) / Download
America / Download
Europe / Download
Europe(Russia) / Download : ftp / http

Download from ... / F5 / 2009/02/26

Improve VGA card compatibility
Improve S3 resume compatibility
Intel®Core™ i7 processor D-0 stepping support. /

(Asia / Download) (Asia(China) / Download) (America / Download) (Europe / Download)
(Europe(Russia)Download : / ftp / http)

Download from ... / F4 / 2008/12/22

Fix S3 resume turbo mode issue
Fix DualBIOS recovery issue
Improve System Stability

(Asia / Download) (Asia(China) /Download) (America / Download) (Europe / Download)

(Europe(Russia)Download : / ftp / http)

Contact For Annual maintance Service in MUMBAI Only NO: Mr.Prem singh 9702222903/9867659098

1st Gen. White (Apple iPod nano)

2009-07-11T07:41:00.000-07:00

Apple iPod nano White (4GB) MP3 Player(Refurbished)

Product Description :
Take everything you love about iPod and shrink it. Now shrink it again.
With 2GB (500 songs) and 4GB (1,000 songs) models , the pencil-thin iPod nano packs the entire iPod experience into an impossibly small design. So small, it will take your music places you never dreamed of.

Details
Size of Display: 1.5 inch
Display Features: Battery Level, Elapsed Time, ID3 Tag Info, Play Mode
Digital Storage Media: 4 GB (Built-in Memory)
PC Interface Supported: USB 2.0
Battery Run Time: Up to 14 hrs.
Battery Type: AC/DC Adapter, Internal Battery, Rechargeable via USB cable
Dimensions (W X D X H): 1.6 in. x 0.27 in. x 3.5 in.
Weight: 1.5 oz.
Warranty: 30 days

One (1) set of earbuds included (Apple original)
One (1) USB 2.0 cable for syncing the iPod included (Apple original)
One (1) Quick Start guide included, w/30days warranty card

price: $129.99

Sale price: $95.99

Contact: Mr. prem singh 9702222903 / 022 28146718

Web page builder software review

2009-07-06T06:23:00.000-07:00

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) site builder and HTML page editor review
I started out building web sites using the much reviled Microsoft FrontPage. In fact, if it wasn't for FrontPage, I may have bypassed getting into ecommerce altogether. It was simply a good tool, especially for novices wanting a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web site building software package.
It's now over 10 years since I first fired up FrontPage and up until now I've still been using it in conjunction with plain text editors for scripting and some other bits that FP doesn't handle too well.
However, FrontPage is no longer (replaced by other more expensive Microsoft products) and support for it is shrinking daily. It used to be that web hosts running non-Microsoft server software could run FrontPage extensions too through special extensions kits - but they stopped being updated years ago also and increasing numbers of non-MS web hosts are now ending their support for FrontPage features.

WYISWYG web site builder alternatives
Now the FrontPage party is drawing to a close, what alternatives are there in WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) html editors and web site builder software applications?
A lot of web site hosts are also offering online page builders - these are usually ok for very basic sites; but they have very, very little flexibility and it can be a real mess once you outgrow them to switch over to something else.
For desktop applications, there's always Dreamweaver, but that will set you back anywhere from $320 to $500. It's also not a great package for people new to web design to start with as it can be quite confusing.
An application that has impressed me greatly is XSitePro website design software - not just for its WYSIWYG page builder; but some of the additional tools that will be very handy for novices and seasoned designers alike. When testing the application, I read *none* of the documentation (of which there's plenty, it's very well supported) and was able to figure things out quite easily. I like the application so much, that I'll be using it to create sites in the future - farewell FrontPage ... it's a bittersweet moment :).

XSitePro features
Boy, this is where it gets hard - there's so many very cool features :). However, unlike some other full featured WYSIWYG web page builders, they are well laid out in XSitePro. Even if you get stuck, there's a 1500 page manual to refer to, a bustling users forum where you can ask questions and a 24/7 support system.

Here's just a small selection of features:

Intuitive user interface and wizards
Project based web site design and management
Hundreds of professional templates (or create your own)
Extensive image library (professional images)
Automated link management
Forms wizard
Fantastic menu design options including breadcrumb trail
Standards compliant code (a rarity with WYSIWYG editors)
Flexible, very advanced layout control
SEO analysis to help improve your search engine ranking
Easy integration of video and audio
Spell check and thesaurus
Color picker
Great right-click menu - not so much clicking around
Flesch Kincaid scoring of page content ("readability")
Site preview tool
Two click publishing
Site cleanup - detects orphan pages
Auto generation of Google SiteMap
Backup and restore
Global find and replace
Powerful source editor - edit HTML directly if you wish
PayPal, AdSense, Amazon integration
Useful snippets library
RSS feeds wizard
Widgets galore
Popup wizard
Mobile device wizard - create a handheld friendly version
and much more. Download XSitePro web design software today - save $100!

For affiliate marketers, XSitePro has some great features such as easy addition of AdSense code and a built in affiliate program manager. The way this works is that you can list all the affiliate programs you're participating in for each site and store information about the programs you're running. If you've ever worked with multiple sites and tons of affiliate programs, you'll probably be able to understand how this could be very convenient. Additionally, you can add those affiliate links to your content with a single click.
Another little feature I really liked is the "web site notes" function. How many times have you been working on your site and thought "hmm.. x is a good idea, must remember to do that"... and then promptly forgotten. By hitting a couple of keys, XSitePro will pop up a notes window where you can jot your thoughts down.

XSitePro 2 discount
The team at XSitePro are currently running a special offer - a $100 discount. You can pick up a copy for just $197. Additionally, you'll get a bonus pack of 50 templates to add to the 200 templates that are included with XSitePro 2. XSitePro 2 comes with over 4,000 clipart images, and you'll also get an additional 9,000 images as a special bonus! By the way; you can buy with confidence - XSitePro comes with an iron-clad 30 day money back guarantee.

System Case Styles and Sizes

2009-07-06T06:20:00.000-07:00

Cases come in several different major styles. Despite the commonly-used names, such as "tower", "mini-tower", etc., there are no standards for case size or shape, and one company's full tower case
can be very different in details from another. Some of the companies that make high-quality high-end cases incorporate very interesting features into their cases that stretch their capabilities for the same amount of space taken. As a result, one company's "mini-tower" may be able to hold more components, and cool them better, than another company's "mid-tower".
An assortment of different cases in the same series, showing an array of sizes and styles.From the left: a microATX "micro tower", a microATX mini tower, an ATX mid tower,an AT/ATX full tower, a microATX desktop

Parts of the System Case

2009-07-06T06:17:00.000-07:00

A system case should normally come with a number of physical components. This will of course vary widely from system to system, depending to some extent on the form factor and overall design of the case. If you buy a case by itself for use in building your own machine, you should be able to check for all of these items. If you bought a pre-built system, many of these components were probably already put into the case when it was assembled, with left over materials kept by the company that made it.

Buying scripts and software - BY. Pmd technology tips

2009-07-06T06:12:00.000-07:00

Read most landing pages touting a software application or script and you'll often be left feeling that the product can do everything, including cure cancer.

Puffery is a very common form of marketing strategy, but one we need to look beyond when considering the purchase of a software package. By observing the following tips, you can help ensure that the package you select is right for you and if it turns out not to be, that you're not out of pocket.

What you pay for..
.. is often what you get. This certainly applies to software and scripts. If you don't have a lot of cash to spend, don't expect to get a package that will have all the bells and buzzers you want; and if it does, be prepared for glitches or extensive editing.
This is often the case with software applications that were developed overseas and are being sold by overseas vendors. They tend to be cheaper and while the functionality may be there, often what suffers is the language; so be prepared for some tweaking of templates and language packs.
Don't trust demos.
Often a software vendor will have a demo of their application available to try out on their site. This is a great way to get a general feel of a script, but how it operates on the vendor's server and how it works on yours can be a totally different ball game; so don't rely on a demo alone when making a purchasing decision.
Read the requirements.. carefully
Most software vendors will have a compatibility/server requirements page - review that carefully and bear in mind that just because (for example) an application is compatible with php5, it doesn't mean it's compatible with php4. Some applications will also need additional modules installed on the server that may be uncommon, so you need to be wary of those.
Know thy server
If you're not sure what sort of operating system or modules are installed on your server or the versions, one of the easiest ways to find out is using a feature of php called phpinfo. That is assuming your server supports php, which most do.
phpinfo() is used to check configuration settings and for available predefined variables on a server.
It's really easy to implement, simply open notepad or a text editor and add the following:

That's it. Save the file as phpinfo.php and then upload it to your server, then view the file through your browser - you'll be astounded at the degree of information it provides.
Don't be distracted
Before going shopping for a software application or script, jot down a list of essential functions you need it to perform. Sometimes we can be dazzled by other features of software so much, we part with our cash and then discover that a critical element is missing.
Free trials
This is a great safeguard - just ensure that you install and use the software within the free trial period. I feel that a 7 day free trial isn't enough to thoroughly put an application through its paces, so look for 30 days as a minimum.
Money back guarantee
Like a free trial, this provides reassurance that if the application doesn't work or you're not satisfied with its performance, you can get your cash back.
However, refund guarantees can be slippery beasties so check the fine print in the terms. For example, there may be a condition that the only case for a refund is if the script doesn't work on your server. It may perform poorly, but unless it's not working at all, you're unlikely to get your money back. Also, as with a free trial, ensure the refund guarantee is good for at least 30 days.
Support and updates
Cheap applications and scripts can sometimes mean expensive, poor or non-existent support and software updates. It's not unusual for companies to charge for support after X period of time, so it pays to look into this aspect and also the company generally. For example, when was the last time the product was updated with bug fixes or new features? What do others have to say about the company and their support?

H.D.D Hard disk drive

2009-07-06T05:51:00.000-07:00

A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit with fixed media.
HDDs were originally developed for use with computers. In the 21st century, applications for HDDs have expanded beyond computers to include digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include HDDs were introduced by Samsung and Nokia.[3] The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of configurations such as RAID arrays, network attached storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable access to large volumes of data.

Technology
HDDs record data by magnetizing a ferromagnetic material in a pattern that represents the data. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical HDD design consists of a spindle which holds one or more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data is recorded. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually glass or aluminum, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material. Older disks used iron(III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt-based alloy.

The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past mechanisms called read-and-write heads that operate very close over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator.

The magnetic surface of each platter is divided into many small sub-micrometre-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to encode a single binary unit of information. In today's HDDs each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains. Each magnetic region forms a magnetic dipole which generates a highly localized magnetic field nearby. The write head magnetizes a magnetic region by generating a strong local magnetic field nearby. Early HDDs used an electromagnet both to generate this field and to read the data by using electromagnetic induction. Later versions of inductive heads included metal in Gap (MIG) heads and thin film heads. In today's heads, the read and write elements are separate but in close proximity on the head portion of an actuator arm. The read element is typically magneto-resistive while the write element is typically thin-film inductive.[4] In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state be lost because of thermal effects. To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a 3-atom-thick layer of the non-magnetic element ruthenium, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other.[5] Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is perpendicular recording, which has been used in some hard drives as of 2006.

Hard disk drives are sealed to prevent dust and other sources of contamination from interfering with the operation of the hard disks heads. The hard drives are not air tight, but rather utilize an extremely fine air filter, to allow for air inside the hard drive enclosure.
The spinning of the disks causes the air to circulate forcing any particulates to become trapped on the filter.
The same air currents also act as a gas bearing which enables the heads to float on an air cushions above the surfaces of the disks. Hard drives are precise devices, moving at very high speed, and a number of analogies have been made to try to describe this. One states:

As an analogy, a magnetic head slider flying over a disk surface with a flying height of 25 nm with a relative speed of 20 meters/second is equivalent to an aircraft flying at a physical spacing of 0.2 µm at 900 kilometers/hour. This is what a disk drive experiences during its operation.

Capacity and access speed
Using rigid disks and sealing the unit allows much tighter tolerances than in a floppy disk drive. Consequently, hard disk drives can store much more data than floppy disk drives and access and transmit it faster. In 2007, a typical enterprise, i.e. workstation HDD might store between 160 GB and 1 TB of data (as of local US market by July 2007), rotate at 7,200 or 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM), and have a sequential media transfer rate of over 80 MB/s.
The fastest enterprise HDDs spin at 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds up to and beyond 110 MB/s.[6] Mobile, i.e., Laptop HDDs, which are physically smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, tend to be slower and have less capacity.
In the 1990s, most spun at 4,200 rpm.[7] In 2007, a typical mobile HDD spins at 5,400 rpm, with 7,200 rpm models available for a slight price premium.
The exponential increases in disk space and data access speeds of HDDs have enabled the commercial viability of consumer products that require large storage capacities, such as the TiVo personal video recorder and digital music players.[8] In addition, the availability of vast amounts of cheap storage has made viable a variety of web-based systems with extraordinary capacity requirements, such as the search and email systems offered by companies like Google. The main way to decrease access time is to increase rotational speed, while the main way to increase throughput and storage capacity is to increase areal density.
A vice president of Seagate Technology projects a future growth in disk density of 40% per year.[9] Access times have not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in storage capacity. As of 2006, disk drives include perpendicular recording technology, in the attempt to enhance recording density and throughput.[10]
The first 3.5" HDD marketed as able to store 1 TB is the Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000. The drive contains five platters at approximately 200 GB each, providing 935.5 GiB of usable space.[11] Hitachi has since been joined by Samsung and Seagate in the 1 TB drive market.[12]

Capacity measurements
The capacity of an HDD can be calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders by the number of heads by the number of sectors by the number of bytes/sector (most commonly 512). On ATA drives bigger than 8 gigabytes, the values are set to 16383 cylinder, 16 heads, 63 sectors for compatibility with older operating systems. It should be noted that the values for cylinder, head & sector reported by a modern drive are not the actual physical parameters since, amongst other things, with zone bit recording the number of sectors varies by zone. Hard disk drive manufacturers specify disk capacity using the SI prefixes mega, giga, and tera and their abbreviations M, G and T, respectively. Byte is typically abbreviated B. Operating systems frequently report capacity using the same abbreviations but with a binary interpretation. For instance, the prefix mega can also mean 220 (1,048,576), which is approximately 1,000,000. Similar usage has been applied to prefixes of greater magnitude. This results in a discrepancy between the disk manufacturer's stated capacity and what the system reports. The difference becomes much more noticeable in the multi-gigabyte range. For example, Microsoft Windows reports disk capacity both in decimal to 12 or more significant digits and with binary prefixes to 3 significant digits. Thus a disk specified by a disk manufacturer as a 30 GB disk might have its capacity reported by Windows 2000 both as "30,065,098,568 bytes" and "28.0 GB" The disk manufacturer used the SI definition of "giga", 109 to arrive at 30 GB; however, because the utilities provided by Windows define a gigabyte as 1,073,741,824 bytes (230 bytes, properly known as gibibyte, or GiB), the operating system reports capacity of the disk drive as 28.0 GB.

Customize Your Personal Computer (P.C)

2009-07-06T04:12:00.000-07:00

To build your PC from scratch you will need to purchase all the necessary hardware. The first thing you must consider before you start to shop around for your PC hardware is the specification of the hardware.
You should think about what you are going to use your PC for, before buying fancy expensive hardware. Otherwise you will end up buying hardware which offers advance features that may not be necessary for your needs and end up wasting your money.
For example, you may be using your PC for word-processing, spreadsheet and browsing the web. You would not gain much benefit by purchasing an advance 3D graphics card or having a top of the range processor.
A simple graphics card and a mid-range processor will satisfy your needs.
Below is a list of all the hardware required to build your system except the obvious requirement. The purpose of each is hardware is explained along with some guidance to help you choose your hardware. Select the required hardware for more information.

Standart use

Keyboard
Mouse
Adapter

Custom use

Tower or desktop case

Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound Card
Modem
Floppy Drive
Hard Drive
CD/DVD Rom
PC Speakers
Monitor

Optional Use

CD/DVD Writer
Blu Ray Writer
TV Card
Satellite Card
Cable TV Card

Hard Drive

2009-07-06T03:52:00.000-07:00

Hard disk drive stores all your data including operating system, applications, user files and documents. It is a non-volatile storage, which means the contents of the HDD is not lost if the PC is switched off.

There are three different types of HDD, which are IDE/ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). Majority of home PCs are equipped with IDE Hard drives. SCSI hard drives are mostly included in servers and powerful workstations as they offer better data transfer rate which results in better performance than the IDE drives.

However modern SATA drives are not far behind SCSI drives in terms of performance with the introduction of the newer SATA 300 drives.

The price of IDE/SATA drives have fallen quite dramatically in the recent years. You can buy a very large drive for a competitive price. It is better to buy a drive which is quite large as it works out cheaper. A recommended entry level drive would be 80 GB to 120 GB.

The major HDD manufacturers are IBM, Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital and Fujitsu. For our demonstration PC I have chosen use an IBM ATA100 drive as shown below.

Zenith / Core2Duo PC G31A

2009-05-18T02:23:00.000-07:00

Product Code - Core2Duo Model G31A
Processor - Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor E7400 2.8 GHz; 3 MB Cache, 1066 MHz FSB
Operating System - Free Linux
LAN - Onboard Gigabit 10/100/1000 LAN
Memory - 1 GB DDR2-667 SDRAM, 2 DIMM slots, upgradeable to 4GB using2GB modules; Supports Dual Channel
Hard Drive - 320 GB, 8 MB Cache, SATA-II, 7200 RPM, upgradeable up to 320 GB SATA
Optical Drive - DVD Writer
Monitor - 19" TFT Monitor
I/O Ports - 1 Serial Port, 1 Parallel Port, 4 USB (2.0 Version), Support for 4 additional USB Ports, Display & Audio Port; 1 PS2 Keyboard, 1 PS2 Mouse Port, LAN Port
Cabinet/Power Supply - Micro ATX Case with Power Supply
Keyboard / Mouse - 107 Keys Keyboard / Logitech USB Optical Mouse

========================================================

List Price : Rs.28,500.00 Online Price : Rs.26,990.00

====================================================

Formatting and Installing from the Windows XP CD

2008-09-30T11:51:00.000-07:00

Step:1} This section explains how to reformat a drive from the Windows XP installation CD. This can be used when installing a fresh copy of Windows onto a computer. Here it is especially important to backup all of your important information because upon formatting you will lose EVERYTHING that used to be on the drive. This includes all applications and device drivers, so you must back up everything you can.

Step:2} Insert your Windows XP installation disc into your CD drive (Home or Pro--it does not matter).

Step:3} Now as you computer boots a little more it will say “Press any key to boot from CD..” press a key to do so.

Step:4} The CD will load up a blue screen and then spend a while loading files it needs. When it is finished it will list a few options, mainly “Press ENTER to set up Windows XP.” Press Enter or Return.

Step:5} Now you will be at a screen to select where to install Windows to. This is where you can delete old partitions and format drives. The box in the bottom half of the screen shows all your drives and the partitions that exist on them. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to highlight your “C:” partition and press the 'D' key (if all that shows up is “Unpartitioned space” and you have no C: or D: partitions, skip this step). On the next screen press the 'L' key to finalize deleting the partition.

Step:6} Now you are back on the screen to choose where to install Windows. The box on the lower half of the screen should no longer show a partition but simply have an entry “Unpartitioned space xxxxxMB.” Select this with the arrow keys and press the 'C' key to create a partition on the drive. The next screen tells you the minimum and maximum sizes the partition can be and lets you pick the size. The default size is the maximum, but double check that the number entered is the maximum and hit enter.

Step:7} Now you will again be back at the choose where to install Windows screen. But this time you will have a partition that looks something like this “C: Partition1 [New (Raw)]xxxxxxMB.” Highlight this entry and press enter.

Step:8} The next screen lets you choose which file system to format the drive with. Choose NTFS as it is faster and more secure. If the drive is brand new and has never been used before then use one of the options that ends in “(Quick).” Or, choose one of the lower down options. Use the arrow keys to select the proper one and press Enter or Return.

Step:9} From here you are all set and the installation of Windows will proceed starting with a format of your drive. This will take a while (over half an hour) so you can take a little break.

Formatting a Secondary Hard Drive

2008-09-30T11:37:00.000-07:00

Step:1} Right-Click on the “My Computer” icon either on your desktop or in the Start Menu and select “Manage.”

Step:2} A new window titled “Computer Management” comes up. Select “Storage” from the left hand side by clicking it once, then select “Disk Management(local)” from the right side by double-clicking it.

Step:3} Now in the lower part of the main frame (right side) of the window you should see a nice visual of all your hard drives. Each line is a different drive. Each box on a line (with a colored bar at the top and a size displayed in MB or GB) is a partition on the drive. Partitions are separations of space on a drive. Unless you are doing something specific that requires multiple
partitions, you only want one partition per drive.

Step:4} First you must delete any existing partitions on the drive you are going to format. Do this by right-clicking on the partition's box and selecting “Delete Partition...” Since you already know that you will be deleting everything on the drive, and have already backed everything up, you can safely say yes to any warning the computer presents you with.

Step:5}
If there are multiple partitions make sure you have saved everything off them since they might each have different drive letters (i.e. “D:” or “F:”). Then repeat the above step for each of them. If you only want to format one partition that is OK and you can continue to the next step without deleting the other partitions.

Step:6} The box for the drive to be formatted should now have a black bar at the top of it and should say “Unallocated” under its size (see picture). Right click on it and select “New Partition..” The New Partition Wizard comes up.

Step:7} In the New Partition Wizard click next. On the next page make sure “Primary
Partition” is selected and click next. Now make the size equal to the maximum (it should already be set to it), and click next again. On the next page the computer will automatically choose the first available drive letter for the new drive. However, if you like you can choose another drive letter from the drop-down menu, and then click next.

Step:8} Finally the New Partition Wizard asks if you would like to format the new partition and if so what format. Choose “NTFS” as it is faster and more secure. Leave the “Allocation unit size” as “Default.” In the “Volume label” field enter whatever name you want the drive to have. Simple is better. Avoid using spaces. Lastly, if the drive is brand new and has never been used before check the “Perform a quick format” box. If the drive has been used before leave this box unchecked. Leave the “Enable file and folder compression” box unchecked and click next. Then on the next page click finish.

Step:9} The wizard will now spend a little while formatting the drive. On old or large drives this may take a while. Do not close the “Computer Management” window until it finishes. You will know it is done when the word under the size of the drive changes from “Formatting” to “Healthy” and the name and drive letter you chose for the new drive show up. After it is finished you can proceed to use your newly formatted drive.

How to Format a Hard Drive With Windows XP

2008-09-29T12:07:00.000-07:00

If you want to format a hard drive while using or installing Windows XP, you've come to the right place. This can be very useful for clearing everything off a secondary drive or when installing a fresh copy of Windows. Formatting a computer hard drive is simple and can help eliminate viruses, storage issues and other hard-to-resolve problems.

INSTRUCTION

STEP:1} When you format a computer hard drive you will lose everything that is on the drive. Therefore, it is very important to back up anything you might want later. Additionally, if you are going to be formatting and installing XP you need to make sure you have the discs for any applications or third party hardware you use since you will need to re-install your programs and drivers after re-installing Windows.

STEP:2} Take a moment to think of anything that you have on the computer that you wouldn't want to lose. Generally, you probably want everything in your My Documents folder, and you also want to save things like your favorites or bookmarks from your Web browser. Remember that each user on the computer has his or her own My Documents folder, Desktop items and Favorites/Bookmarks.

STEP:3} Save everything to a CD, DVD or a hard drive that you won't be formatting.

Health & Food articles

2008-05-17T23:45:00.000-07:00

McDonalds Steps Up Bird Flu Precautions
The spread of bird flu has become a major cause for concern among food suppliers and restaurant chains. As a result, McDonald's is having its suppliers isolate free-range chickens in Europe. The company hopes that this measure will curb bird flu and ensure the eggs and chicken it serves in its more than 11,000 restaurants is not tainted, reports Reuters.

"We are now imposing standards which require that those free range chickens that are producing free-range eggs be brought into houses because of the threat of the spread of avian influenza," said Catherine Adams, Vice President of Worldwide Quality at McDonald's.

The standard has been in place for 6-8 months, and is meant to protect the birds producing eggs for McDonald's uses as well as those used for poultry servings. The move is somewhat controversial in parts of Europe because of the culture of raising free-range birds. Nonetheless, the world's largest restaurant business is exerting maximum effort to make sure its customers will still visit its restaurants in the event of a bird flu outbreak.

McDonald's is traditionally known for its burgers (billions and billions served), but chicken has become a huge source of the company's revenue. In the U.S., the company sold more chicken than beef on a dollar-per-dollar basis in 2005. The company has had its U.S. suppliers test flocks for bird flu for the past six months, which it claims is far easier than ensuring quality control abroad.

"In the U.S. we have vertical integration, the flocks are raised just for McDonald's, so we have total control over it," said Frank Muschetto, Senior V.P. and Chief Purchasing Officer.
In other countries, that is not necessarily the case. Every place where McDonalds is able to test, it tests the flocks for the influenza. But it is not always that simple. In parts of Europe, testing is administered by the government and only occurs then that particular government authorizes it.

McDonald's has actually enjoyed a good reputation for safety, as evidenced by the fact that the discovery of bird flu in China did not negatively impact sales there. In the event of a larger bird flu outbreak elsewhere, the corporation wants to be sure its reputation remains sterling.
Otherwise, customers will fly the coop. So to speak.

Running to Safety
Everyone knows that exercise is important. But while you are outside losing calories, you may be losing track of your surroundings. Exercise safety is an often ignored, important area of life. Here are some tips to ensure that the only thing in danger during your work out are those extra pounds:

Do not wear head phones while you jog. You may be inspired by the theme song from Rocky, but it will be difficult to hear oncoming traffic or footsteps behind you.
Be aware of all around you. Avoid isolated areas of the park or woods and try to remain visible to the public at all times. If you are running early in the morning or late at night, find paths that are well lit.
Make at least one other person aware of your running route and the time you expect to return.
Change your routine around. Do not run the same path on the same day every week.
Run with a partner, whether that means a human being or even your dog.
Run facing oncoming traffic.
Leave your watch and jewelry at home. These items put your at risk for muggers.
In case of an emergency, carry change for the phone with you or keep your cell phone handy.
Keep some form of identification on you. This may just mean writing your name on your shoe.
Wear light or reflective clothing.

PMD SOLUTION

2008-05-17T23:38:00.000-07:00

PMD Technology (PMD) it Consultants specializes in simple yet powerful business software.

We have focused on the needs and desires of small as well as big business owners in designing user-friendly systems that require minimal setup and minimal learning time. For additional convenience, each system includes extensive help for immediate user assistance.

In addition to our Developed software, we offer customized business software to satisfy your specific needs. If you have something unique in mind, please contact us and let us know your wishes. We will be happy to discuss different options with you to make sure we discover the best solution to satisfy your unique needs.

Business Ease specializes in Java development. We offer Java applications with a SQL-2k, Oracle and MS Access Database and Java Applets. We also offer ASP development Web applications with Different Database. We will also provide MS Access development for companies that are currently using an Access Database or are interested in a quick and simple custom application.

Please contact us and together we can determine your best development solution!

Ten Terrific Tips - Getting Kids to Read

2008-05-13T07:38:00.000-07:00

Teaching kids to read opens the world to them. They can go anywhere and do anything through books. But in today's age of high-tech gizmos and video games often the last thing our kids want to do is read. But there are some easy and fun ways you can share your love of reading with your kids. Implement these few simple ideas and your kids will be engrossed in a good bok before you know it.
Read to Them
Kids love being read aloud to. Cuddling up on the couch with a good book is a wonderful way to spend time with your child. Even older children like to be read to, especially while they are involved in other hands-on type activities.

Have a Hide Away
Make a reading corner in your house. Fix up a cozy corner with beanbag chairs, or a large overstuffed pillow, a small bookcase. You won't have to look far when they get quiet to find them.

Scatter Books Around the House
Leave books lying around. Place books in the bathroom, on their nightstands, in the living room and even in the kitchen. When they are bored they will pick them up out of curiosity.

Get a Library Card
Get them their own library card. Children love having their own library cards and checking out books they choose, on their own.

Got to the Library Often
Visit the library often. Schedule a regular library day, and just let them sit and read for a while in the library. Take advantage of your local library's programs, such as story times, to help capture a child's interest in books.

Throw Out Book Teasers
Drop tantalizing hints about a book. Start reading one yourself that your children might like and "share" some tempting tidbits. When they want to know what happens - say , "Oh you will have to read it for yourself, you won't believe it!"

Add Some Fun Extras
Extend the book. Add fun activities that go beyond a book. When reading Heidi, look for the countries on a map, eat Swiss cheese for lunch or make some soft rolls for grandmother.

Pull Out the VCR
Watch a video about a book. Then say, "I wonder how close that was to the book? Maybe we should read that."

Make Your Own Books
Let them make their own books. Younger children especially love this. Something as simple as plain paper stapled together becomes a timeless treasure when they write their own stories. Let younger children tell you the story and you write it out and they illustrate it.

Set An Example
You cannot expect your children to love somethin you don't. If you want your kids to be readers you have to be too. It can be books, magazines, or even lovely coffee table books full of pictures. Just let them see you reading and read often together.

Hosting Solutions

2008-05-13T05:11:00.000-07:00

(1) = 5 MB NT - SPACE
Charges = 600/- WITH OUT DOMAIN NAME

(2) = 10 MB - SPACE
Charges = 1000/- WITH OUT DOMAIN NAME

(3) = 25 MB - SPACE
Charges = 2000/- WITH DOMAIN NAME

(4) = 50 MB - SPACE
Charges = 3500/- WITH DOMAIN NAME

(5) = 100 MB - SPACE
Charges = 6000/- WITH DOMAIN NAME

(6) = 250 MB - SPACE
Charges = 8500/-WITH DOMAIN NAME

(7) = 500 MB - SPACE
Charges = 15000/- WITH DOMAIN NAME

(8) = 1000 MB (1GB) - SPACE
Charges = 28000/- WITH DOMAIN NAME

Windows 2000 Server
24 x 7 Ftp Access
ASP, ASP.NET Support
MsAccess Database
MsSQL 2000 Database
Pop3 Mailboxes
SMTP (Outbound Relaying)
ASPMail, CDO Support
Java, PERL Support
Real Audio, Real Video Support
Web Statistics ....
Flash Support
Macromedia's Shockwave Support
Java Servlets, JSP Support
Online Traffic Reports
Disk Usage Reports
Live-Support (Our Unique Support System)
Unlimited Tech Support

Review our custom designed site

Education articles

2008-05-13T04:26:00.003-07:00

Education articles

Entertainment articles

2008-05-13T04:26:00.001-07:00

Entertainment articles

Computers articles

2008-05-13T04:25:00.003-07:00

Computers articles

Business articles

2008-05-13T04:25:00.001-07:00

Business articles

Automobile articles

2008-05-13T04:17:00.000-07:00

Automobile articles
comeing soon

Software solutions

2008-05-12T05:46:00.000-07:00

What type of business solution's are you looking for?

Core accounting (general ledger, financial reporting, bank reconciliation, accounts payable, accounts receivable).
Advanced financials (budgeting, consolidations, financial data warehouse).
Distribution (inventory management, sales order, purchase order, bar code, credit card processing).
International sales, including multi-currency processing.
E-commerce (Internet order entry and customer self-service).
Discrete manufacturing system (e.g., manufacturing of objects).
Process manufacturing system (e.g., manufacturing of liquids) .
Time and billing tracking and management Business intelligence and integration tools.
Business intelligence and integration tools.
Remote access solution, access to desktop data from the Internet.
Remote access solution, purely online, hosted solution.
Remote access solution, access to data from a PDA or wireless device.
Project accounting/job costing.
Fixed asset management and inventory.
Fixed asset management and inventory for government, educational, and non-profit organizations.
Fund accounting for non-profit organizations and governmental agencies.
Payroll, in-house software.
Payroll, outsourced service.
Human resources, in-house software.
Human resources, outsourced service.
Contact management software.
Sales automation.
Customer relationship management.
Nonprofit fundraising and donor management.

Review our custom designed site

2008-05-11T08:17:00.000-07:00

1. Computercyber.com

2. Dhyansanjivani.org

3. Dhyansanjivani.com

4. Feminfoworld.com

5. Gurudiksha.com

6. Indiaarticle.com

7. Infoarticle.com

8. Mumbaicyber.com

9. Virtualsoftnet.com

10. Webpluscode.com

11. Praveencomputers.com

Web development

2008-05-11T08:12:00.000-07:00

Hi, welcome to PMD Technology Consultants
Design Your Web Site to Your Own Unique ImageLet's face it, web sites are a very powerful marketing tool in today's business world. People are now turning to the internet as their first resource in gathering information about a company's products and services. You don't want a potential client missing out on your services just because you don't have an impressive web site!

Just like your store front or your personal image gives potential clients a lasting first impression, so does your web site. We are here to help you create the perfect site to represent your unique business. We understand that sometimes you need that special site, that special representation that only a custom site can provide. We are happy to provide you with your dream custom web site!

If you currently have a site that you would like to have updated and refaced or if you are just starting out with a unique image in mind, we are here to help.

Creating A Web Site = 1, 2, 3
It takes three main steps to create a web site for the internet, and DevInfoWare it Consultants can help you with each step!

1. Create a domain name. This is the address name for your site, such as www.nameofyourbusiness.com. It should be easy to remember and pertain to your business.

2. Create your web site. This is the site itself, with all of the information about your business. This is the step accomplished by the Business Ease Theme Web Sites.

3. Host your web site. This is the physical place to store your web site so people around the world can access your site.

These are the steps required to get you up and running on the internet, but you are not done yet. It is very important to submit your site to the major search engines. This is so highly recommended it is automatically completed by PMD Technology family to help assure your business becomes successful on the internet. We also optimize your site for the search engines by adding key phrases and meta tags, giving each of your pages specific titles and checking your page text to verify it works well with search requests.

Custom Software Development Process

2008-05-11T08:04:00.000-07:00

The software development by (PMD Technology) it Consultants can be divided into series of steps.
This multi-phase planning, design and implementation process is designed to protect both PMD Technology family and you, as our client.

According to our practices, the highlight stages of full life cycle offshore software development are the following:
1. General Requirements DocumentAt this stage our software development team headed by Project Manager define the project scope and investigate your general needs and requirements. All the details about your current practices and your goals are thoroughly discussed with you. We prepare a complete specification for software development for your review and approval before proceeding further. We provide you with estimation for the cost of the production of the Detailed Specification Document, as well as estimation of the software development costs.Of course, it's quite possible that you provide us with the Detailed Specification Document and the only thing left for us is to estimate the software development of your task.

2. Detailed Specification DocumentThis document is full and complete specification for the new software product, as a result of thorough business and technical analysis. It is prepared either by you or by our remote development company. At this stage we provide you with a quote for the costs of software development. Now both parties have the opportunity to cease work on the project. Anyway the document stays with you as our client and can be used any time in future.

3. Initial Software DevelopmentAfter producing the design documents, PMD Technology people begins the work on the software itself. After the production of the ISD, you have detailed knowledge about the intended functionality of the software to be written, and can ensure that it is what you need before spending additional money of the actual development work. During the production of the design documents and during the software coding, it is vital that you are prepared to invest a considerable amount of time and efforts into testing and providing feedback.

4. Test Plan and Testing Process.At this stage our software development company prepares the Test Plan. The plan includes all stages required for various levels of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing and system testing. The test results are recorded after executing the plan. Before the software is delivered to the customer, our testers qualify the software using the test plan developed and approved by both PMD Technology family and you as our client.

5. Software DevelopmentThe final part of the cycle involves running a near-complete version of the software in parallel with your existing systems. This enables you to further test the software and ensure that it is performing as required. Your time investment during this stage is important otherwise the project may not be as successful as it should. Any flaws are corrected at this point providing the perfect final result.

6. Technical/User Documentation.PMD Technology family prepares all necessary Technical/User Documentation, as requested.

7. Delivery.Software product delivery is accomplished via stable, reliable and secure Internet connection.

8. Maintenance.The software development specialists of PMD Technology family you with a full range of maintenance services from corrective maintenance (bug fixing) to software enhancement and perfection. Hope we have provided you with the information you found interesting and useful for your business.

Custom software development

2008-05-11T08:03:00.000-07:00

We try to share our resources equally between custom web and application software development.Our software development company has developed custom solutions in the field of accounting, inventory analysis systems, MLM, Hospital Management Software, Logistics Software and Intranet-solutions etc.Our custom software development team provides outstanding services in application architecture, application design, software development, software maintenance, and maintaining existing enterprise level solutions. We are capable to develop complicated software in both Windows DNA and Microsoft.NET application platforms. We will create applications to suit your needs, implement enhancements to existing applications, expand homegrown solutions, or perform system integration of diverse and legacy software.

Cell Architecture Explained Version 2

2008-05-06T06:59:00.000-07:00

Introduction
Initially designed for the PlayStation 3, Sony, Toshiba and IBM's new Cell processor promises seemingly obscene computing capabilities for what will rapidly become a very low price.

6 months ago I wrote an article describing this new processor based on the original Cell processor patent application from 2002. Since that original document was written the Cell design evolved considerably in both hardware and software. The Cell was revealed at ISSCC in February 2005 and since then a great deal of information has been revealed about the final architecture in various articles, papers and interviews.

This new version has been almost completely rewritten to cover the Cell as it is today. New sections have also been added to cover Cell software development and the reasons behind the choice of a relatively simple architecture.

In part 1 I look at how the Cell came about and it’s main components. Part 2 looks at the infrastructure components and the concept of stream processing. Part 3 covers the options for programming the Cell and the issues likely to be encountered. In Part 4 I look at the design decisions in the Cell and look at why the architecture is so simple compared to other contemporary microprocessors.

Part 1: Inside the Cell

Background
So, what is Cell Architecture
Specifications
Power Processor Element (PPE)
Synergistic Processor Elements (SPEs)
AltiVec?
SPE Local Stores
Local Store V’s Cache

Part 2: Again inside the Cell

Steam Processing
The EIB and DMAC
Memory and I/O
Memory Management Units
Processing Concrete
Hard Real Time Processing
To DRM or not to DRM?
Other Options And The Future

Part 3: Programming the Cell

Developing for the Cell
Hello Tosh, gotta Toshiba?
Celling Penguins: Linux on Cell
Converting Applications for Cell
Targeting SPEs
SPE Instruction Set
Cell Programming Issues
SPE Performance Issues
The Future: Multi-Cell'd Animals
Programming The Cell: Conclusion

Part 4: Revenge of the RISC
Branching Orders: Is The Cell General Purpose?
RISC Strikes Back
Predicting Branches
Duel Threading
The Law of Diminishing Returns
A General Purpose Conclusion

Part 5: Conclusion and References
Short Overview
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
References
Miscellaneous Notes

http://www.blachford.info/computer/Cell/Cell0_v2.html

Introduction & Information to All Computer and Science

2008-05-06T06:34:00.000-07:00

Objectives of the course
In the past decades the computer has became an irreplaceable tool in almost
all areas of human activity. The objective and motivation of this course is to
acquaint the student with basic knowledge of computing and to fill him with
enthusiasm while working with computers. The acquired knowledge will be used
during his studies as a tool for preparing seminar papers, reports and other
documents. The curriculum is designed in the way which allows student to
practise theoretical proficiency during tutorials.

Prerequisites
> Basic handling on computers.

Assessment methods
> Seminar paper, written examination, oral examination.

Course contents
Lectures

Introduction
>Motivation and objectives
>Presentation of the study program
>Presentation of learning tools and work methods
>Presentation of student obligation
>Guidelines and suggestions

Computer, its history and usage
>Role of information and computer technology
>History of computer technology
>Invention of microprocessor
>Areas of use
>Classical and computer based systems

Computer structure
>Central processing unit (CPU)
>Internal and external memory
>Input/Output devices
>Communication and data transfer between computer units

Hardware
>General information on hardware
>Sorts and capacity of computers and computer systems
>Capacity of computer components and their effect on the computer speed and
>liability of operation

Software
General information on software; properties
Operating systems

>Operating system and its role in computer operation
>Types and characteristics of basic operation systems
>WINDOWS operation system and its characteristics

User programs
>Importance of knowing user programs
>Areas of use
>Word processor Word
>Tools for Excel spreadsheets and graphs

Databases
>Database as data carrier; its role and use
>Entity-relationship data model
>Relational data model
>Systems of handling databases; characteristics and use

Computer networks
>Expedience of using computer networks
>Types and characteristics of computer networks
>Advantages of using network resources
>Prerequisites for connection into the computer network
>Internet

Importance of appropriate hardware and software selection
>Predictions about trends in purchasing hardware and software in companies
>How to choose a suitable computer and its configuration?
>User programs and the hardware needed

Tutorials
>PC computer
>Working with Windows OS
>File system
>Word Text Editor
>Excel Spreadsheet, data input and graph creation
>Data transfer between different user applications, File formats
>The example of relational database
>The usage of distributed data (computers & network)
>The usage of network programs
>Connection to the Internet
>Searching for the information on the Internet

Recommended reading
>Edd Bott: Microsoft Windows 95
>Tomaž Tekavec: WORD for Windos 7.0
>Žiga Jakhel: EXCEL 5.0
>Priročnik za Osnove računalništva
>ARNES-ov priročnik za popolni dostop do omrežja Internet
>Priročnik za WINPMail

http://www.p-ng.si/en/academic-programmes/5100/112759/

Computer Engineering

2008-05-06T05:52:00.000-07:00

First Year
Second Year
Third Year
Fourth Year
Summer Training
Elective Courses

First Year
CMP 101 Logic Design (4+2)
Number systems and data representation - Boolean algebra -simplification of Boolean functions - logic gates -combinational and sequential logic circuits - applications to the design of arithmetic and logic units and counters.

CMP 102 Data Structures and Algorithms (4+2)
Data types and representation - file structures - linear lists - arrays - queues - dequeues - linear and sequential memory allocation - trees - data structures representation in storage media - operations on trees and lists in memory and storage media - introduction to searching, sorting and tree searching.

CMP 103 Programming Techniques (4+2)
Introduction to software design - data representation and processing - evolution and comparison of programming languages - types and characteristics of translators - principles of structured programming - top down design - recurrsion - segmentation and overlaying of large programs - program maintenance - documentation - numerical and non-numerical examples.

CMP 104 (A&B) Measurements and Laboratory Experiments (1) (0+4) , (0+4)
Basic definitions and standards - use of conventional measuring equipment, signal generators and oscilloscopes - experiments covering all subject areas.

MTH 125 (A&B) Mathematics (2) (4+2) , (2+2)
Sets - groups - graphs - series - expansion of functions - Fourrier series and integrals - transformations (Laplace transformation) - partial differentiation - differential equations and multiple integrals.

PHY 125 Physics (2) (4+2)
Electromagnetic spectrum - electron emission - wave/particle duality - properties of magnetic, dielectric, metallic and semiconducting materials - electrical and electromagnetic fields and wave propagation.

ELC 125 (A&B) Electrical and Electronic Circuits (2+2) , (4+2)
Basic circuit components - analysis of DC and AC circuits - three phase circuits - resonant circuits and filters - properties of semiconductors and electronic devices - rectification and voltage stabilization circuits.

CVE 125 Civil Engineering (3+1)
Fundamentals of building construction - types of buildings - specifications of materials used in buildings and internal partitions - insulation against heat, moisture, noise and pollution - principles of fire protection - specifications for computer sites and locations - architectural and civil drawings - testing and acceptance criteria.

GEN 125 Economics and Management (4+0)
Principles of economics - cost benefit analysis and economical feasibility - economic comparison - economic life - risk analysis - Introduction to management - different schools of management - quantitative and qualitative aspects of management - decision making - manpower allocation - implementation and maintenance management plans.

Second Year
CMP 201 Microprocessor Systems (4+2)
Computer architecture - CPU architecture - fetch and execution cycle - addressing modes - instruction set - memories - memory interfacing - timing diagrams - program controlled and interrupt driven I/O - I/O interfacing - connection of terminals, discs and I/O ports - assembly language - instruction formats - data representation - arithmetic operations - macros and kernels.

CMP 202 (A&B) Database Management Systems (3+1) , (4+2)
Basic database concepts - data structures and operations - data modelling - database system architecture - data definition and data manipulation languages - query languages - examples of relational, hierarchical and network database designs - distributed databases - multicopy databases - database administration: security, concurrence control and performance monitoring - data compression - sizing and timing.

CMP 203 Software Engineering (4+2)
Software life cycle - concepts and methods of analysis - constrained system design - data, functions and relationships specifications - implementation procedures - standard specifications - reliability measures and quality assurance - integral testing - error analysis - software maintenance - documentation.

INT 225 (A&B) Measurements and Laboratory Experiments (2) (0+4) , (2+2)
Deflection method measurements: Static and dynamic response of the d’Arsonval Galvanometer - Square law meters: Moving iron ammeter, electrostatic voltmeter, electrodynammometer and its applications as ammeter, Wattmeter and phase/power factor meter. Null method measurements: DC and AC Bridges and balance convergence - Digital multimeters - Errors and statistics - Experiments covering all subject areas.

MTH 225 Probability and Statistics (4+2)
Theory of probability - conditional probabilities - probability distribution functions - random variables - continuous and discrete distributions. Introduction to statistics - statistical measures - statistical analysis.

ELC 225-1(A&B) Electronic Circuits (4+2) , (2+2)
Amplifiers - oscillators - filters - earthing and insulation - electronics of display devices - fabrication techniques - troubleshooting protocols.

ELC 225-2 Signals and Systems (4+2)
Representation of signals - transforms (Fourrier-Laplace-Z) - digital filters - noise - introduction to systems - linear systems and circuits - time and frequency domains analysis.

MEP 225 Mechanical Engineering (3+1)
Introduction to thermodynamics - heat transfer - air conditioning and ventilation systems - air filtering - calculation of thermal loads - fire alarm and fighting equipment - requirements specifications - acceptance criteria.

GEN 225 Project Management (4+0)
Basics of project management - project management within constrains of resources, time and cost - activity/event networks - critical path - time scheduling - manpower allocation - management of implementation and servicing works - examples of software packages used in project management.

Third Year
CMP 301(A&B) Computer Architecture (3+1) , (3+1)
Computer arithmetic - design of ALU - pipelined ALU and processor - control unit - instruction repertoires (RISC, CISC) - interrupt circuits - bus synchronization - I/O devices - channels - memory architectures - connection of computer peripherals.

CMP 302 Information Technology (4+2)
Introduction to information technology - design of information systems - design tools - man/machine interface - data integrity - data and information security - software security - software for the design of information processing systems - introduction to decision support systems.

CMP 303 (A&B) Operating Systems (3+1) , (3+1)
Types of operating systems - functions of operating systems - process states - memory management - virtual memory - processor management - process scheduling - multiprocessor systems - device management - deadlock prevention - file systems - system resilience - network and distributed operating systems - case study ( Unix ).

CMP 304 (A&B) Measurements and Laboratory Experiments (3) (0+4) , (0+4)
Experiments covering all subject areas.

MTH 325 Numerical Analysis (4+2)
Matrices - error analysis - applied numerical methods in matrix algebra and linear equations, roots of polynomials, curve fitting and extrapolation, ordinary and partial differential equations, integration.

ELC 325-1 Control and Systems Engineering (4+2)
Linear control systems - transfer functions - signal flow graphs - feedback control systems - stability criteria: Routh/Hurwitz table, Bode's plot, Nyquist contour, root locus - digital computer control - optimal control - applications.

ELC 325-2 Digital Electronics (4+2)
Digital circuits - analog to digital and digital to analog conversion - memories - data acquisition systems - integrated circuits - fabrication techniques - VLSI - troubleshooting protocols.

ELC 325-3 Communications Engineering (4+2)
Introduction to communication systems - representation of transmission media - analog and pulse modulation - noise - digital communication systems - coding and transmission of data.

EPM 325 Electrical Machines and Power Engineering (4+2)
Transformers - DC machines - AC machines - synchronous machines - special electrical machines ( step motors - fixed magnet machines - two phase servo motors ) - electronic control of electrical machines - UPS systems - power distribution networks - earthing - protection of electric equipment.

Fourth Year
CMP 401 Advanced Computer Architecture (4+2)
Parallel processors architecture - vector processors - vectorising compilers - systolic arrays - loosely and tightly coupled processors - data flow machines - interconnecting networks - performance evaluation - case studies.

CMP 402 (A&B) Artificial Intelligence (3+1) , (3+1)
Introduction to artificial intelligence concepts and definitions - knowledge acquisition and representation - production systems - semantic networks - frames - problems representation techniques - reasoning mechanism - uncertainty - expert systems and knowledge engineering.

CMP 403 Languages and Compilers (4+2)
Introduction to the theory of languages - evolution of computer languages and translators - formal specification of languages - context dependent and context free languages - logical structure of a compiler - lexical, syntax and semantic analysis - code generation and optimization - storage and register allocation - runtime considerations.

CMP 404 (A&B) Computer Graphics and Man-Machine Interface (3+1) , (3+1)
Fundamentals of computer graphics - display devices - fundamentals of graphic algorithms - two dimensional graphics - polygon representation - polygon filling - polygon clipping - three dimensional graphics - back face removal - scan line and ray tracing - illumination and shading models - man-machine interface - multi media.

CMP 405 (A&B) Computer Networks (3+1) , (3+1)
Seven layer communication model - network architecture and protocols - network planning and design - routing techniques and algorithms - network management - examples of LAN's and WAN's.

CMP 406 (A&B) Elective (1) (3+1) , (3+1)
Elective course to be selected from the list ( CMP 441 to CMP 453 ).

CMP 407 Elective (2) (3+1)
Elective course to be selected from the list ( CMP 441 to CMP 453 ).

CMP 408 Elective (3) (3+1)
Elective course to be selected from the list ( CMP 441 to CMP 453 ).

CMP 480 Project (2+2) , (0+4)
All students undertake a major project as part of the program. The aim of the project is to provide the students - in groups - with an opportunity to implement the appropriate concepts and techniques to a particular design. A dissertation on the project is submitted on which the student is examined orally.

Summer Training
Every student is expected to spend a total of at least 9 weeks of practical summer training in industry during his study ( covering the summer periods after the first, second and third years ). A report must be submitted during the next academic year and will be evaluated for a Pass/Fail grade. The overall summer work will be considered in the evaluation of the final year project.

Elective Courses
CMP 441 Computer Peripherals
Types of computer peripherals - connection of peripherals - use of channels - programming of channels - operation of channels in concurrence with CPU - synchronization and handshaking.

CMP 442 Fault Tolerant Computing
Introduction to fault tolerant systems - faults and their manifestations - error detection - protective redundancy - fault tolerant software - measures of fault tolerance - case studies.

CMP 443 Computer Manufacturing
This course deals with special topics in the technology of computer manufacturing specially materials, devices and computer equipment - quality control and reliability measures.

CMP 444 Computer Interfacing
Basic interfacing hardware - buses and memory/peripheral connections - interrupts - synchronous and asynchronous connections - serial and parallel interfaces - analog interfaces - special interfaces.

CMP 445 Design and Analysis of Algorithms
Techniques for designing efficient algorithms - analysis of complexity - complexity bounds of fundamental problems, graph problems and combinatorial problems.

CMP 446 Modelling and Simulation of Computers
Concepts of modelling and simulation - modelling and simulation of computer units ( memory - disc drives - processors ... etc.) - model development - simulation techniques - workmix simulation - verification and interpretation of computer modelling and simulation results.

CMP 447 Image Processing and Computer Vision
Image representation - methods of image processing - enhancement - data compression - reconstruction from projection - features extraction - image analysis - pattern recognition - computer vision.

CMP 448 Knowledge Engineering and Expert Systems
Review of basic concepts of artificial intelligence - knowledge representation - inference - expert systems - basic structure of expert systems - knowledge engineering - learning mechanisms - examples of learning mechanisms and expert systems.

CMP 449 Ciphering and Data Security
Introduction to cryptography - ciphering algorithms - principles of data security - hardware and software security techniques - software protection - computer viruses - databases and networks security.

CMP 450 Computer Systems Programming
Functions of system software components - design of hardware drivers, loaders and linkers, compilers, assemblers, interpreters and utilities - case study of real system programming.

CMP 451 Computation and Programming Theory
Introduction - basic automata concepts - acceptors - regular expressions - sequential machines - Turing machine - universal machine - computable and non-computable functions - recurrsive functions - Markov algorithms - Gedel numbering - computer programming languages - proof of program correctness.

CMP 452 Real Time Computers
Introduction to real time computers - real time operation requirements - real time operating systems - data capture and processing in real time - examples of real time applications.

CMP 453 Selected Topics in Computer Engineering
Selected topics related to the state of the art in computer engineering.

CMP 454 Selected Topics in Information Technology
Selected topics related to the state of the art in information technology.

http://services.eng.cu.edu.eg/Course/5/en/25.htm

FORMATTING METHOD= 2

2008-04-25T08:32:00.000-07:00

When a computer has a serious software problem, it is usually easier to clean the hard drive out and start over using Max-Blast or Boot Disk 95/98. The following steps will explain that process.
CLEAN HARD DRIVE AND INSTALL DOS
Turn off computer and insert a disk-formatting program, such as MAX-BLAST, OR BOOT DISK 95/98. Follow the on-screen directions. You will answer YES to most prompts. At some point, it will ask you to insert the DOS Disk 1. (*Note: You can also use the FORMAT C:\ command on the DOS disk)
When finished, it will tell you to remove the disk and hit ESC. LEAVE THE DISK IN and hit ESC. The computer will reboot and begin installing DOS. Answer Yes to most prompts EXCEPT when the choice is Exit Setup (Recommended) or Continue Setup and replace your current version of DOS.
Choose replace current version and ENTER.
Continue installing DOS until completed. There are three disks. It will ask you to restart computer.
Make sure the Computer boots up normally into the DOS mode. You are ready to Install Windows 95/98.

FORMATTING METHOD= 1

2008-04-25T08:09:00.000-07:00

TASK ONE

TURN ON YOUR COMPUTER (NEED WIN95/98)
INSERT THE FLOPPY DISK. (NEEDS TO BE FORMATTED)
CLICK THE ICON "my computer"
RIGHT CLICK THE ICON "3 1/2"
CHOOSE THE "format" OPTION
YOU SHOULD SEE A FORMAT DIALOG BOX.
CHOOSE "full format"
CLICK "start"
NOW THE DISK WILL BE FORMATTED, ALL PRESENTLY EXISTING FILES WILL BE REMOVED.
WHEN THIS PROCESS IS FINSIHED CLICK "close"
NOW LABEL THE DISK: "formatted, date, your name"

TASK TWO

(A) INSERT WIN95/ WIN98 BOOT DISK

(B) PRESS THREE KEYS SIMULTANEOUSLY "CTRL + ALT + DEL"

THIS WILL RESTART THE COMPUTER.

(C) THE FLOPPY DRIVE INDICATOR LIGHT SHOULD GO ON.
NOW THE A PROMPT SHOULD APPEAR." A:\>"

(D) AT THE A:\> PROMPT, TYPE format c: /s

(/s will copy the dos files need to the c drive directory)

(E) NOW THE FOLOWING LINE SHOULD APPEAR
"WARNING ALL DATA ON NON- REMOVABLE DISK
DRIVE C: WILL BE LOST! PROCEED WITH FORMAT (Y/N)

(F) TYPE : Y à YES
NOW YOU SHOULD SEE "checking existing disk format verifying ____m"
(THE SIZE OF YOUR HARD DRIVE SHOULD APPEAR ON THIS BLANK)
THE TIME TO FINISH DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE HARD DRIVE-- THE
LARGER THE HARD DRIVE THE MORE TIME IT WILL TAKE.
NEXT YOU WILL SEE "format complete" AND "system transferred"
"volume label"( 11 CHARACTERS, ENTER FOR NONE)

(G) HERE YOU MUST TYPE "hello"
(H) HIT ENTER BUTTON
(I) USE THE DOS COMMAND "dir" TO LIST THE NEW INFORMATION
ABOUT THE DRIVE YOU JUST FORMATTED
(J) DOCUMENT THIS CLEARLY IN YOUR JOURNAL.

COMPUTER PARTS LIST

2008-04-25T07:49:00.000-07:00

Case: The box or shell in which all of the other components are assembled.
The case is typically made of metal, plastic or a combination of the two.

Power Supply: It provides the electrical power for the various components. Most often, the power supply is included when you buy the case.

CPU: The "Central Processing Unit" is the brain of the PC. Choosing a CPU is the single most important factor in how powerful your PC will be. As we stated in the Introduction, we’ll be looking only at Pentium CPUs in this book.

CPU cooling fan: A small unit with a fan that sits on top of the CPU to remove the heat from the CPU.

Motherboard: A large circuit board that "holds" most of the other components. The CPU, memory, video, cards, hard, floppy and CD-ROM drives and other input/output cards fit into the motherboard.

Main Memory: Small plug-ins cards containing RAM (Random Access Memory) used by programs as working storage. Memory is often called SIMMs. This stands for Single Inline Memory Module, which is a fancy name for the way in which the memory is packaged on small circuit boards.

Video display card: A small plug-in card containing specialized chips which generate the signals for displaying text and graphics on the video monitor.

Monitor: The video display device that looks like a television on which the text and graphics appear.

I/O card: Comunication ports, printer port and game port. There are two major types performance, lDE and SCSI. I refer only to IDE controllers and not the higher performance (and more expensive) SCSI controllers.

Keyboard: The device that lets you type information into the computer.

Mouse: The device that lets you move a pointer to on screen buttons or a cursor to on-screen positions by moving the device around on a surface or pad.
The mouse usually contains buttons that activate features or menus that allow you to work without using the keyboard.

Speakers and Headphones: External or internal units which produce the sounds created by the computer or software.

Sound Card: A small plug-in card containing specialized chips that generate the signals for sound production and amplification through the speakers or headphones.

Hard Drive: A mechanical device that stores and retrieves information from a fixed, non-removable, disk contained within it. The information stored on this disk can be added to, changed, or removed by the user. This is the main storage for all software located inside the computer and offers very quick access to this information. This device is usually located within the computer case and is attached to both the power supply and the motherboard with wiring.

Floppy Drive: A mechanical device that stores and retrieves information from removable "floppy" disks that are inserted into it by the user. This device is usually located within the computer case, but has an opening that is accessible from the front of the case. The amount of information that can be stored on a single disk is very limited and is comparatively slow to retrieve. It is also attached to the power supply and motherboard with wiring.

Cache Memory: This is either a small card or several small chips that act as an
ultrafast path for moving data between the CPU and main memory

CD/CD ROM/ DVD Drives: Mechanical devices that retrieve, and occasionally store, large amounts information from removable, optically-read, compact disks that are inserted into them by the user. The disks often contain pictures, video, and audio that require a lot of storage space. These devices are usually located within the computer case, but have openings that are accessible from the front of the case. They are also attached to the power supply and motherboard.

Modem: A device for allowing the user and the computer to communicate through telephone lines to other users, computers, and the Internet. This device is usually contained on an I/O port card located on the motherboard. It has a telephone jack that is accessible from the rear of the computer case.

Network Card: An I/O card used to connect the computer to other computers in a network. This card is located on the motherboard. It has a jack that is used to make network connections, which is usually accessible from the rear of the computer case.

Other Peripherals: There are many other peripherals or devices that you can attach to your PC. These include Printers, Scanners, Zip Drives, Bar code readers and the list goes on. Installing most of these other peripherals are straightforward and have little to do with building your PC; we’ll leave it to others to explain.

http://www.wccusd.k12.ca.us/stc/computer/compmult.htm

Computer hardware behind The leaving

2008-04-05T01:25:00.000-07:00

Software setup is far too broad for the scope of this build guide. However, before we leave you at the mercy of your operating system installation, there are a few loose ends we need to tie up in the BIOS. With most motherboards, you can get into the BIOS by hitting the Delete key right after the system powers on.
Each motherboard's BIOS interface is a little different, but most follow the same basic conventions. If you're new to building PCs, you don't want to spend too much time poking around. If you're not careful, changing some settings can actually harm system components.
The first thing we want to do in the BIOS is check to make sure that our processor's power management features are enabled. These Features will have to be invoked by the operating system, but if they're not enabled in the BIOS first, they won't work.

In systems with Intel processors, thumb through the BIOS menus looking for SpeedStep and the C1E Enhanced Halt State, both of which should be enabled or set to auto. With AMD CPUs,
look to enable an option called Cool'n'Quiet. These CPU-specific power management features will likely be found in BIOS sections pertaining to advanced features or power management. Some BIOSes will keep them in a general tuning section.
Next, check to make sure that the BIOS has set the correct clock speeds for the front-side bus and memory. Clock speed control is usually found in an overclocking section of the BIOS, and you don't want to mess with it unless you know what you're doing.

Overclocking instruction is well beyond the scope of this guide, and we wouldn't recommend running your first custom system build at higher-than-stock speeds, anyway—at least not
for a while.
Once you've confirmed your system's clock speeds, find the BIOS's memory timing controls. Your memory modules will be rated for specific latency timings at a given clock speed. The BIOS should detect these defaults automatically, but if it doesn't, you can set them manually. Just be sure that the memory timing settings that you use correspond to the capabilities of your memory modules.
The final element of the BIOS we need to touch on is fan speed control. Options vary considerably from motherboard to motherboard, but you want to make sure that automatic fan speed control, often referred to as "smart fan," is enabled if it's an option. You may also see a fan option asking whether you're using a three- or four-pin fan, sometimes referred to as DC and PWM, respectively. Select the appropriate fan type based on your processor cooler type. If you're lucky enough to have a BIOS that provides extensive fan speed control, take this time to explore the fan speed options. The defaults are usually adequate, but you may want to revisit them later if you find your system running too hot or too loud for your tastes.

http://www.techreport.com/articles.x/13671/5

Computer System Cleaning time

2008-04-04T02:34:00.000-07:00

By now, the inside of your case probably looks like a tangled mess of wires, some of which are likely still hanging over the edge. The mess not only looks bad, but it can also impede airflow around important system components. We should really tidy the mess up with a little help from a fistful of zip ties.

First, gather any unused power supply leads into a neat bundle and zip tie them together. This bundle can be stuffed out of the way into your case's empty 5.25" drive bays. Empty 5.25" drive bays make a good dumping ground for excess cabling because they generally don't have venting or fans that might otherwise be obscured by a clump of wires.

With excess power supply leads out of the way, we can turn our attention to the cables we're actually using. There are a number of ways to deal with these, depending on just how clean you want the inside of your case to look. We won't go overboard here, but it's worth taking the time to remove any slack in the cables and carefully route them along the case's internal structure. Most cases have loops or cutouts that can serve as anchor points for zip ties, making it much easier to snake cables out of the way.

Your case's internals don't have to be immaculate when you're finished, but you shouldn't have cables impeding airflow around any components or case fans, or around case vents. Cleaning up internal cabling also makes it easier to work on the system later on, either to swap out components or add new ones when your brand-new system becomes hopelessly out of date after just a few short months.

We're finished with the hardware now, so you can put the case panels back on, stand the case up, and start connecting peripherals like your monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Now would be a good time to plug in the power cord, as well, and to make sure that the power supply is switched to its on position. Hit the case's power switch, and the system should spring to life.

Computer System Cabling begins

2008-04-04T02:23:00.000-07:00

With the exception of the power supply, which we'll tackle in a
moment, we now have all the hardware installed in our case.
Cabling comes next.
If your case has three-pin power connectors for its cooling
fans, you can plug them directly into the motherboard. With some
boards, this will even get you temperature-based fan speed
control. The motherboard manual should map out all onboard fan
header locations.

Cases that use fans with four-pin molex power connectors
can't be hooked into the motherboard. Instead, these fans need
to be plugged directly into the power supply, which we'll
install in just a second.
First, we have a couple of other cables to connect, starting
with the one for our optical drive. Depending on the drive, this
cable with either be of the IDE or Serial ATA variety. The cable
itself should come with your motherboard, and like most PC
connectors, it's keyed such that it can only be attached the
right way.
Next, connect the hard drive with a Serial ATA cable from
your motherboard box. The L-shaped connector only works one way,
so you should be able to figure it out.

SATA cables are much thinner and more flexible than IDE
ribbons, making it easier to keep cabling out of the way of
other components. We'll tidy things up a little later, so don't
worry about being too neat just yet.

Power, please
The last piece of the puzzle to fall into place is our system's
power supply.
Depending on your case, the PSU may slide in from the back or
from the side, and you may or may not have to attach a mounting
bracket before it's installed. PSUs feature an asymmetrical
screw pattern at the rear to ensure that they're installed in
the correct orientation. Line up the screw holes in the power
supply with those on the case's rear panel before sliding the
PSU into place.
Once the PSU is installed, toss the mess of wires connected
to it over the side of the case. This will make running power
cables to our components much easier, and we won't need to use
all of the PSU's leads anyway.

If you're running a power supply with modular cables, you
only need to connect as many cables as needed for the hardware
in your system. It's usually easier to connect these cables
before dropping the power supply into the system, if only
because the area around the PSU can get a little tight in some
cases, making it more difficult to plug them in later.

With the power supply securely affixed inside the case, it's
time to start our plug fest. First, attach the 24-pin primary
power connector to the motherboard. Some PSU primary power
connectors can be configured for both 20- and 24-pin
motherboards, so make sure you're using the correct setup.

Next, plug the auxiliary 12V connector into the motherboard.
Depending on your PSU and motherboard, this will either be a
four- or eight-pin connector. As has been the case throughout
this build, all connectors should be keyed to fit only one way.
Most modern graphics cards need a little extra juice, so
we'll plug them in next. Graphics cards typically use six-pin
PCI Express power connectors, although some recent high-end
models require eight-pin power.

If your power supply doesn't have the right connectors for
your graphics card, check the bundle of cables that came with
the graphics card. Power adapters are typically included with
retail graphics cards for those running older PSUs that lack
PCIe power plugs.
With our graphics cards hooked up, we turn our attention to
hard drive power. Serial ATA drives have their own type of power
connector, another L-shaped plug that can only be inserted one
way. Some Serial ATA hard drives also have a standard four-pin
molex power connector. You can use this connector in lieu of the
SATA power connector, if you wish. However, don't plug in both;
that can damage the drive.
Finally, we plug in our optical drive using a standard
four-pin molex plug. SATA optical drives may use a SATA power
connector. Now would be the time to plug in any four-pin case
fans, as well.

C.P.U( Expansion cards join the party

2008-04-03T02:59:00.001-07:00

There are only a few pieces we need to put into place to complete our build, and next up, we have expansion cards. Most systems will require at least one expansion card—graphics, of course—but some folks may also have a discrete audio card, TV tuner, or other auxiliary hardware to complement their motherboards' integrated peripherals.

Before installing expansion cards, we need to make some room for them in the case's back plate panel. Our screwdriver comes out again, this time to remove back plates corresponding to the slots in which we intend to install our expansion cards. Keep in mind that for most double-wide graphics cards, you'll need to remove two PCI back plates—one across from the expansion slot and a second back plate immediately to the left.

To seat an expansion card, place it into an appropriate expansion slot and apply even pressure along the top edge of the card until it slides into place. When properly installed, the card's back plate should line up flush with the enclosure. Now use the same screws that held the case's empty back plates in place to secure the expansion card to the case.

The expansion card installation process is the same whether you're putting in a graphics card, audio card, or any sort of other peripheral. Just make sure that you're using the correct type of slot, be it PCI, PCI Express, or with older systems, AGP. Like most PC components, cards are keyed only to fit into a slot one way, so you shouldn't have a problem.

You'll note that in the picture above, we're installing the system's sound card in the lowest expansion slot. At the very least, you should avoid putting expansion cards right next to your graphics card—doing so can impede airflow to the graphics cooler. I tend to put other expansion cards into the lowest slots to give the graphics cooler as much room to breathe as possible.

Computer In goes the motherboard

2008-04-03T02:44:00.000-07:00

With the case prepped and drives installed, it's time for our populated motherboard to join the mix.

Standard enclosures are usually a little tight, so it's easier if you insert the motherboard at an angle, port-side first. Line up the port cluster with corresponding holes in the I/O shield and gently set the board down on the mounting posts you screwed into the case earlier. If the motherboard is positioned correctly, its mounting holes should line up exactly with the posts below.

From here, you'll want to screw the motherboard into place using screws provided with the case. When tightened, the screws should be snug, but there's no reason to really torque on them.

Next, we tackle the case's front-panel connectors for the power and reset switches, power and hard drive activity lights, and the PC speaker. Each motherboard lays these connectors out in a slightly different fashion, so you'll have to consult the manual to determine which connectors plug in where. For hard drive and power LEDs, colored wires should be plugged into the positive pins on the motherboard.
It's ridiculous that the industry hasn't agreed to a standard for front-panel connectors that would eliminate the need to connect a mess of wires individually, but this is the system we're stuck with. Be sure to plug in the front-panel connectors now, because things only get more crowded inside the enclosure from here.

While we're connecting front-panel hardware, it's worth tackling expansion ports. Most enclosures now come with front-mounted USB ports that hook into headers located on the motherboard. Depending on your case, these front-mounted USB ports may be tied to a series of wires that have to be connected individually, or they may connect with consolidated blocks that can be plugged in all at once. Obviously, the latter is much easier to deal with. If your case's front-panel USB ports are attached to individual wires, you'll need to consult your motherboard manual for a diagram illustrating how those wires should be connected to pins on the motherboard.
We've only addressed USB headers here, but the same applies for front panel Firewire, eSATA, and even audio ports. The wires for each front-panel connector should be clearly labeled, either on the wires themselves or in the manual that comes with your case. Your motherboard's manual should have full pin diagrams for all its onboard headers that illustrate how these leads should be connected, as well.

C.P.U/ Preparing the enclosure

2008-04-02T10:21:00.000-07:00

We're done with the motherboard for the moment, and must now prepare the enclosure for its arrival. Time to break out the screwdriver, folks.

The first thing we need to do is remove the enclosure's side panels. With some cases, only the left panel needs to be removed or even can be removed. However, if your enclosure has removable panels on both sides, we recommend taking both off. The additional access will come in handy when we clean up wiring within the case.
Most modern enclosures hold their side panels in place with thumbscrews or mechanical latches, so you probably won't even need a screwdriver to remove them. And if you need instructions on how to use a screwdriver, well, perhaps assembling a system from scratch is a little ambitious.

Removing the case panels gives us access to the enclosure's internals—most importantly, the panel on which the motherboard will set. The motherboard doesn't rest directly on the metal panel, though; that would create all sorts of short circuits. Instead, the motherboard sits atop a series of posts that separate it from the case.
Motherboard posts should come bundled with your case, and they can be screwed directly into the motherboard tray with your bare hands. Making sure they're tight.
When screwing posts into the motherboard, be sure that they line up with the board's mounting holes; posts that don't line up can make contact with solder points on the underside of the board, creating short circuits. We recommend using at least six mounting posts for a standard ATX motherboard, but to be on the safe side, you might as well use as many as there are mounting holes on your board.

Once the posts are in place, fish the I/O shield out of your motherboard box. Most cases already come with a generic I/O shield, but chances are it won't line up properly with your motherboard's port cluster. If your case has a generic shield, pop it out and toss it. The I/O shield that comes with your motherboard should easily snap into place.
Before moving on, we're going to save ourselves some hassle by bending back the metal tabs on the inside of the I/O shield. In the picture above, these tabs can be seen above the PS/2, Ethernet, and Firewire ports. Bending these tabs back will ensure that they don't catch on the motherboard ports when we slide it into the system.
We're now all set up to install the motherboard into the case, but before doing that, it's worth filling in a few other components that will be easier to install in an otherwise empty enclosure.

First among these is our system's hard drive. These days, it seems every case manufacturer mounts hard drives slightly differently, but the enclosure we've busted out today takes a simple approach. Hard drives slide neatly into internal 3.5" bays—with the drive ports facing out, of course—and are held in place by screws. Depending on your enclosure, you may need to secure the drive with screws on both sides; it's a good thing we removed the right-side case panel.

Which internal drive bay ends up housing the system's hard drive is up to you, but I prefer to have drives sitting in lower rather than higher bays. Heat rises, and we might as well put the drive in the coolest part of the case that we can. If you're running a system with multiple hard drives, try not to stack them in bays directly on top of one another. If possible, leave an empty bay between drives to allow air to flow freely between them.

Next up is our system's optical drive. This goes in one of our enclosure's external 5.25" bays, and in traditional cases, it's held in place by screws. Of course, these screws are slightly different from the ones that hold the hard drive in place—you know, because it would be entirely too convenient for the same screw type to be used throughout. All the screws you need should come with the case, and as a rule, ones with finer threads are used to secure optical drives and the motherboard, those with coarser threads and small heads secure hard drives, and those with coarse threads and large heads are reserved for case panels and expansion cards.

If you're going to be running a single optical drive, check to make sure that its jumper is set to Master or Single Drive. This should be the drive's default position, and you don't need to change it unless you plan on running a second optical drive off the same cable. Drives with SATA interfaces are a little more convenient, since they don't have these jumpers and won't need to be configured in this way.
You'll notice that we're installing the optical drive in the case's highest 5.25" drive bay. Optical drives aren't used frequently, so we're not so concerned with whether they're in the coolest possible bay. Instead, I like to mount optical drives as high as possible in tower enclosures to make them easier to reach when the case is sitting on the floor.

If you want to kick it old-school, now would be the time to install a floppy drive in one of the enclosure's external 3.5" bays. Same drill as with the optical drive, except with fewer choices; most cases only have one, maybe two external 3.5" bays. Those inclined to join the 21st century will probably have replaced the aging floppy drive with a zillion-in-one media card reader that slides into the same slot.

Personal Computer Memory installation

2008-04-02T10:16:00.000-07:00

Memory installation
Since it's a lot harder to work on a motherboard when it's sitting inside a case, we might as well install the memory before we slip the mobo into our enclosure. These days, most systems run their memory in dual-channel configurations using pairs of memory modules. Motherboards are typically equipped with four DIMM slots, two of which correspond to each memory channel, so you'll want to check your motherboard's manual to determine which slots correspond to which memory channel. Be sure to install at least one memory module per channel.

Once you've figured out which slots to populate, sliding memory modules into place is a snap. Like processors, modules are keyed so they only fit into DIMM slots one way. Orient your modules accordingly, and apply even pressure along their top edge to seat them into the DIMM slots. If the module rocks back and forth as if on a central pivot point, you've got it turned around the wrong way.
If you're running fancy-pants memory modules with ginormous heat spreaders, like those pictured above, you may run into clearance issues with larger aftermarket processor heatsinks. Unless the heatsink's orientation can be changed to provide additional clearance for the DIMM slots, you'll have to settle for lower profile memory modules or a less extravagant CPU cooler.

When memory modules are seated correctly, retention tabs located at the ends of the DIMM slots should swing up into their upright and locked position, ready for take-off. If these tabs aren't completely locked, you should be able to flick them into place easily with your finger.

How to build your own PC(Personal Computer)

2008-04-02T03:59:00.001-07:00

Assembling the core
The CPU lies at the core of the modern PC, making it an appropriate place to start our build. For this first step, you'll of course want the processor, and also your system-to-be's motherboard.

This particular assembly guide features an Intel processor with a LGA775 socket, so certain steps won't be applicable to systems using AMD processors based on Socket AM2. Socket AM2 isn't hard to figure out, though; processor installation instructions typically come bundled with both the processor and the motherboard.

After laying the motherboard out on a clean work surface, remove the plastic cover that shields the LGA775 socket's pins from harm. Be careful not to bend or otherwise disturb these pins—they need to line up just right with contact points on the base of the CPU.
With the plastic guard removed, you'll easily be able to unclip the lever that holds the socket's CPU retention mechanism in place. Flip this retention bracket back on its hinges to expose the socket in full.

Modern CPUs are keyed to ensure that they can only be inserted into a socket one way, just like a puzzle piece, so you should have no problem dropping your processor into the socket. LGA775 processors, for example, have little indents along opposing edges that line up with protrusions in the socket. If your CPU struggles to slide smoothly into the socket, chances are you've got it oriented the wrong way.
Once the processor is sitting comfortably in the socket, flip the retention bracket back down and use the lever to clamp it into place. This secures the CPU to the motherboard.

With the processor installed, we can move onto the application of thermal compound. Some folks like to apply thermal paste before dropping the processor into the motherboard, but I find that tends to be a little messier without making things any easier.
Before slathering thermal compound all over our processor's exposed cap, it helps to make sure that cap is nice and clean. Gently brush the cap with a Q-Tip dipped in rubbing alcohol to rid it of any dust or oils that it may have picked up from your carefully manicured fingers during the installation process.

Next, we apply thermal compound. Most retail processors that come packaged with coolers will already have thermal compound applied to the base of the heatsink. If yours does, you can skip this step and proceed directly to heatsink installation. However, we recommend applying thermal compound yourself. Thermal compound works best as a very thin layer between the CPU and heatsink, and most heatsinks that come with paste pre-applied use a thicker layer than is optimal.
You really only need a small dab of thermal compound to ensure complete coverage for the CPU. The dollop pictured above is more than enough, and it's best squeezed onto the center of the processor's metal cap.

Next, spread the thermal compound over the processor, ensuring complete and even coverage. Some thermal compounds come with plastic spreaders, but you can also use a credit card or even a finger wrapped in a plastic bag. What you want to end up with here is a relatively smooth layer that's just thick enough to completely cover the processor.
Don't worry about getting a little paste on the CPU retention bracket; it won't do any harm there. You will want to clean up any compound that makes its way onto the motherboard or its surface-mounted components, though. A Q-Tip dipped in rubbing alcohol should do the trick.

Once the processor is glazed with compound, we can turn our attention to the heatsink. If you've elected to do your own thermal compound application, you'll want to make sure that the heatsink's base is scrubbed clean. Rubbing alcohol usually gets the job done, but some heatsinks are slathered with particularly gooey, clingy, or otherwise uncooperative thermal interface materials. It may be necessary to break out more noxious substances, such as nail polish remover, to restore the base of the heatsink to a bare metal shine.
Be careful not to mar the base of the heatsink when removing any thermal compound that may cover it. Some heatsinks need to be scraped clean of thermal compound, and it's best to scrape with something plastic rather than a metal tool that will gouge the heatsink's surface.

With our system's processor blanketed by a thin veil of thermal compound and our heatsink's base scrubbed clean, it's time to mate the two together. Before dropping the heatsink into place, ensure that all four of the heatsink's plastic retention posts are rotated clockwise into their installation position. Next, place the heatsink on top of the CPU, lining up the four retention posts with corresponding holes in the motherboard.
When the posts are lined up, depress the black plastic tabs one by one to lock the heatsink into place. You should hear an audible click as each post locks into place.
Since the area around a modern motherboard's CPU socket is often crowded with tall capacitors, heatsinks, and elaborate heatpipe arrays, I find it's best to depress the retention post that's least accessible first. The post directly opposite that one should be next, followed by the remaining two in whichever order you desire.

After locking the heatsink into place, plug its fan into the appropriate header on the motherboard. The CPU fan header is usually right next to the socket, but if you can't find it, your motherboard manual should have a map highlighting its location.
Note whether the heatsink you're using features a fan with a three- or four-pin header. That information will come in handy when we jump into the BIOS to configure fan speed control, since some motherboards can't auto-detect fan types.

NEXT LINK

Recommendations for building the right enthusiast's PCs(Personal Computer's)

2008-04-02T03:40:00.000-07:00

Rules and regulations/ (How to build your own PC )
The first thing you should know about this guide is that it's geared toward helping you select the parts for a home-built PC. If you're new to building your own systems and want a little extra help, our tutorial on how to build your own PC is a great place to start and a good complement to this guide.
Before tackling our recommended systems, we should explain some of the rules and guidelines we used to select components. The guiding philosophy behind our choices was to seek the best bang for the buck. That means we avoided recommending super-cheap parts that are barely capable of performing their jobs, just as we avoided breathtakingly expensive products that carry a hefty price premium for features or performance you probably don't need. Instead, we looked to that mythical "sweet spot" where price and performance meet up in a pleasant, harmonic convergence. We also sought balance within each system configuration, choosing components that make sense together, so that a fast processor won't be bottlenecked by a skimpy graphics card or too little system memory, for instance. The end result, we hope, is a series of balanced systems that offer decent performance as configured and provide ample room for future expandability.
We confined our selections to components that are currently available online. Paper launches and preorders don't count, for obvious reasons. We also tried to stick to $500, $1000, and $1500 budgets for our desktop systems. Those budgets are loose guidelines rather than hard limits, to allow us some wiggle room for deals that may stretch the budget a little but are too good to resist.
We've continued our tradition of basing the guide's component prices on listings at Newegg. We've found that sourcing prices from one large reseller allows us to maintain a more realistic sense of street prices than price search engine listings, which are sometimes artificially low. In the few cases where Newegg doesn't have an item in stock, we'll fall back to our trusty price search engine rather than limit our options.
Finally, price wasn't the top factor in our component choices. Our own experiences with individual components weighed heavily on our decisions, and we've provided links to our own reviews of many of the products we're recommending. We've also tried to confine our selections to name-brand rather than generic products, and to manufacturers with solid reputations for reliability. Warranty coverage was an important consideration, as well.

All Command or Special Keys

2008-03-31T08:08:00.000-07:00

Command keys normally do nothing on their own but work in combination with other keys. Each piece of software uses the command keys differently though there is a move to standardize some functions. The Control key or Ctrl is often used to access commands. The Alternative key or Alt is often used to access menus. The Shift key is used to type CAPITAL LETTERS. As well the command keys are all used to move through documents and edit text faster and easier. As well many computers have Special keys design specifically for the particular computer. Apple computers have the Apple keys and Macs have Command keys. Many keyboards now have a Windows key specifically for Windows 9x and newer systems. Many older computers also have special keys used for a variety of different functions.

Some Notebook or Laptop keys are left out because of space limitations and they usually have a Special function key which allows other keys to double for the missing ones.

Basic Typing Rules
Place one space between each word, after a punctuation mark and at the end of a sentence. Always start a sentence with a capital letter. Use capitals for names, addresses, provinces and countries, places, organizations, businesses, associations, schools, colleges, universities, days of the week, months, holidays, nationalities, ethnic groups and languages.

Learning the keyboard is the first step to learning computers. Learning involves practice. It really is as simple as that. There are two kinds of typing.

The first is called Touch Typing. The Touch Typist uses the Home Keys (asdf for the left hand and jkl; for the right) and all the fingers on both hands as well as the thumbs for the Space Bar while typing. There are many commercial and public domain programs that are designed to teach this method.

The other method is some times called 'Hunt and Peck' or depending on finger strength 'Search and Destroy'. This involves using one or more fingers on one or two hands to type. It is a perfectly acceptable way of using a computer and many people get along fine with this technique.

Keyboard Layout and Data Entry

2008-03-31T07:58:00.000-07:00

ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. Enter also process commands such as choosing an option in a dialog (message) boxes and submitting a form.

DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all highlighted (or selected) text.

BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all hightlighted text.

SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right.

SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys with two characters on them.

CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters
(a light goes on when caps lock is on)

TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). Tab moves to the next field in a form or table (Shift-Tab for previous field).

ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box.

ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around document without changing text.

PRESERVINNG Scanned Documents & Images

2008-03-27T03:01:00.000-07:00

Losing important documents and most cherished photographs due to a hard disk crash is something which we dread the most. Even printed documents and photos, or files saved on an external hard disk or CD are not safe from mishaps which can mean possibly losing documents and memories forever. Luckily there are ways to make sure that your documents and photos are kept safe for many years to come.

Back Them Up!
One method in preserving digital content is by backing them up. Backing up is a very easy process that involves a lot copying from one location to another. Backing up on multiple locations is a good practice as this reduces the risk of deleting a particular file by accident on a particular location.

On your computer

A typical computer contains a single hard disk. Hard disks don’t last forever and
sometimes "crash" for no apparent reason. When that time comes, all data stored
will be inaccessible. By installing multiple hard disks on your computer, and
setting it up to work as RAID, your files will be automatically backed up in an
array of drives. RAID, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is used to
increase storage performance and fault tolerance thereby preventing data loss
due to hard drive failures.

On the cloud (web hosting and photo sharing sites)If you have money to spend, you can also store your documents and photos to a web hosting service, or online backup service (such as Carbonite.com), or a free photo sharing website (such as Webshots.com or Yahoo's Flickr.com) which are can also be good places to archive them. With web hosting or online backup services, you use their service as backup storage for your documents and photos. You can use as much space as you want based upon the plan that you are subscribed to. This also goes with photo sharing services but it is only limited to photos (though space is usually limitless). The drawback in using is the uncertainty that these services might just go out of business, or loose your data (since generally they have no liability).

On external drives
External drives also provide further protection from files that may be accidentally wiped out on your computer. This also serves as quick and easy way to transfer files
from computers. One significant advantage of external drives is that they are
on a separate power supply, so have a degree of isolation.
On CDs and DVDs Optical drives can provide additional storage for your files. However, it is not recommended as the only backup as they scratches easily. However, they are the best way to store off-site copies of your data - CDs/DVDs easily fit in a bank safe-deposit box.

On Flash Memory cards
FlashMemory cards are small storage devices that offer huge capacities at cheap
price. Just plug-in the card into a card reader device and easily transfer the files. Since the card is also prone for data corruption, it is recommended thatyou have more than one card available and transfer to multiple cards. Like CDs,Flash memory can be a convenient way to store off-site backups - but Flash Memory has a shorter life span, and is not suitable to archival storage.

Use Copies
Working on copies of your original data automatically helps give you a chance to start all over again in case an edit on a file goes bad. When files, particularly photographs are edited and saved, you lose the original of the image and any change that has been applied becomes permanent.

INTRODUCTION OF SCANNERS LINK"S

2008-03-27T02:43:00.000-07:00

How Scanners Work
In a nutshell, a scanner is a device that analyzes the surface of an image, printed text or an object and converts it into a two-dimensional digital image. Scanners come in different shapes and sizes depending on the intended use. The most common scanner for home and offices today is the flatbed scanner. Handheld scanners were briefly popular in the early 1990s but aren’t used much anymore due to the difficulty in getting high quality images. Film scanners are scanners that are used to scan positive or negative film without the need of making any prints. Drum scanners are the oldest and the most expensive of the four types of scanners and are used for high end scanning.

Flatbed Scanners
In most flatbed scanners, a bright light illuminates the image while an array of capacitors moves across the image, reading the entire area. The array used in flatbed scanners is usually a CCD (charge-coupled device) array.
When light hits one of the CCD's in the array, the light photons free the electrons in the semiconducting material, in effect creating a charge that's directly proportional to the intensity of the light.
This process is repeated until the array reaches the end of the image and the resulting sequence of charges is then digitized.
Flatbed scanners use a one dimensional array that moves across the surface of the image instead of the two dimensional arrays that are used in digital cameras.
Flatbed scanners have become increasingly popular, even in the photography industry as high end flatbed scanners are beginning to rival the image quality of drum scanners at a much lower cost.
Flatbed scanners are available at a very wide price range starting at around $50 for low end units and up to $50,000 for high end units.
A newer technology that is rising in popularity in the field of flatbed scanners is the use of Contact Image Sensors (CIS).
Instead of using mirrors and lenses found in a CCD scanner, CIS scanners use red, green and blue LEDs to produce white light. A single row of LED sensors are placed extremely close to the source image for scanning.
Since mirrors and lenses are not used, CIS allows scanners to be more compact and portable.
CIS scanners also consume less power as a result of using LEDs instead of xenon or cathode lights. One drawback to using CIS scanners is that the image has to be extremely close to the glass due to the poor field of focus.
As a result, scanning the gutter of thick books can be difficult.

Sheet Feed Scanners
Sheet fed scanners are fundamentally the same as flat-bed scanners, except that instead of laying the document to be scanner flat on the imaging surface, it is fed through a roller mechanism to pass it over a fixed imaging array.
By there name, it is clear that only individual sheets of paper are fed into these scanners, so they do not offer the flexibility of flat-bed scanners, but they do offer greater performance, since sheets feed in automatically.
Sheet feeder mechanism are available for many higher-end flat-bed scanners, and they are also built into about two thirds of the All-In-One multifunction printers sold.
They are usually included in All-In-Ones to provide sheet fed fax capability.

Drum Scanners
Drum Scanners, the first type of image scanners ever invented, capture images using photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The image to be scanned is mounted on an acrylic cylinder which rotates at high speed in front of precision optics that deliver the image information to the array of PMTs.
Modern drum scanners use 3 PMTs, which read red, green and blue. Even though few companies continue to produce drum scanners, they are still in demand due to their ability to produce high resolution scans.
The obvious disadvantage of drum scanners is that they aren’t as portable and easy to use as flatbed scanners and take a long time to scan an image. The biggest disadvantage though is price.
New low end scanners start at around $16,000 while high end scanners can cost $65,000 and above.
On top of that, you’ll have to buy the drums that cost $1,500 to $2,500 each, drum mounting stations for $1,500 to $3,000 and high end scanning software for $1,500 to $4,000.

Film Scanners
A film scanner is a scanner that directly scans positive or negative film without the need for any intermediate printmaking. Film scanners usually accept uncut film strips and scan them using a CCD sensor.
Most film scanners accept 35mm and 120 film strips and individual slides. The advantage of using a dedicated film scanner as opposed to a flatbed scanner is that the area to be scanned is much smaller, allowing for higher resolution scans.
Using film scanners also has the advantage of being able to control cropping and aspect ratio without changing the original film.
Dedicated film scanners will set you back around $100 for the entry level models and may go up to $1900 on the professional quality models.

Bar Code Scanners
Bar code scanners are devices used to scan encoded information usually printed on product packaging. They fall into two different categories: Hand Held, and Table or Surface Mounted (like at your grocery store). In both cases they interface to your computer in the same ways that other scanners do. These scanners are designed to use a laser to optically scan the surface of the object for a recognizable pattern, then capture that pattern, and using software, convert it into an input string to the computer.

Types of bard code systems:

Code 39
Code 128
UCC-128
UPC-A
UPC-E -EAN/JAN-8
EAN/JAN-13
Interleaved 2 of 5
Codabar
MSI Plessey

Business Card Scanners

Business card scanner, do what their name implies: scanning smaller single piece documents. The also include recognition and contact information management software, to capture that actual contact information or other text contained on the card, and enter it automatically into a database.

The newer business card scanners scan both color and black and white, and offer the ability to scan business cards directly into popular software products, such as: ACT!; Outlook; and Windows Contact Manager. They include accurate and efficient OCR software allowing continuous scanning and recognition of business cards.

They are also TWAIN compatible, so they can be used by any other TWAIN compatible scanning software.

Choosing Your Scanner

When choosing a scanner, you will have to carefully examine what type of scanning you want to do and how much you are willing to pay for it. To date, the best technology for ultra high resolution scans is still the drum scanner. But because of the disadvantages in price and expertise required to operate drum scanners, many individuals and even graphics and print studios have been shifting towards high end flatbed scanners.

Scanners & Windows Vista

As scanners decrease in cost, they are becoming more disposable. As a result manufacturers are upgrading scanner drivers less and less with each new version of Windows. With the introduction of Windows Vista, this situation became most obvious than ever. Many scanners that were designed for Windows XP no longer work under Windows Vista, and no new driver is available. The great irony is that almost all scanners use industry standard software interfaces and TWAIN compatibility, yet each still requires a unique driver. Therefore, before upgrading to Windows Vista - if you love your scanner - be sure you can still use it afterwards.

INTRODUCTION OF SCANNERS

2008-03-27T02:34:00.000-07:00

Choosing Your Scanner
When choosing a scanner, you will have to carefully examine what type of scanning you want to do and how much you are willing to pay for it. To date, the best technology for ultra high resolution scans is still the drum scanner.
But because of the disadvantages in price and expertise required to operate drum scanners, many individuals and even graphics and print studios have been shifting towards high end flatbed scanners.

Scanners & Windows Vista
As scanners decrease in cost, they are becoming more disposable. As a result manufacturers are upgrading scanner drivers less and less with each new version of Windows.
With the introduction of Windows Vista, this situation became most obvious than ever. Many scanners that were designed for Windows XP no longer work under Windows Vista, and no new driver is available.
The great irony is that almost all scanners use industry standard software interfaces and TWAIN compatibility, yet each still requires a unique driver. Therefore, before upgrading to Windows Vista - if you love your scanner - be sure you can still use it afterwards.

Memory Stick PRO DUO (MS PRO DUO) & TransFlash Card

2008-03-24T05:16:00.000-07:00

Memory Stick PRO DUO (MS PRO DUO)
The PRO DUO is essentially the combination of the above four cards, being a perfect combination of compact size, high speed transfer rates and great capacity.

TransFlash Card
The exceptionally small size of TransFlash cards (11mm x 15mm x1mm) allows mobile phone manufacturers to incorporate significant amounts of removable storage capacity into their smaller handsets without changing the physical size of the phone. TransFlash is designed to store personal content such as digital images, MP3 music files, video games and other applications, phone settings and personal data.

Memory Stick PRO (MS PRO) & Memory Stick DUO (MS DUO)

2008-03-24T05:11:00.000-07:00

Memory Stick PRO (MS PRO)
The PRO card was developed to provide even more capacity than MS (upto 4GB in comparison to the 128MB MS) and greater transfer speed. Most devices pre-2003 will not be compatible as will be certain card readers, with no adapter in sight.

Memory Stick DUO (MS DUO)
The DUO is exactly the same as the MS only half the size. Sony developed some products to utilize the compact card but an adapter is required for media readers to access the data.

XD-Picture Card (xD) & Memory Stick (MS)

2008-03-24T05:10:00.000-07:00

XD-Picture Card (xD)
The "new kid on the block" was developed jointly by Olympus and Fuji to replace the close to extinct SM Cards (previously favored by both companies). About the size of a postage stamp, this tiny giant can hold upto 8GB of data, knocking the wimpy 128MB max SM card out of the ballpark. As this card is fairly new, adapters are available to assist in using with your device/computer.

Memory Stick (MS)
Sony developed the Memory Stick in 1999 to create brand loyalty for their digital cameras and camcorders. Sometimes they are included with the camera or device in question. Most Sony notebooks do include a Memory Stick reader so users can remain within the spectrum of the brand and know their products will work with each other without fail.

CompactFlash II (CFII) & Smart Media (SM)

2008-03-24T05:06:00.000-07:00

CompactFlash II (CFII)
CFII cards are identical to CFI with some minor differences. For one, CF II Cards are 1.7mm thicker than its counterpart and, secondly, those devices that contain CFII slots are backwards compatible with CFI Cards (doesn't work vice-versa). As with above, these cards are sold in capacity of up to 1GB (2GB and above only work with devices that utilize the FAT-32 file system)

Smart Media (SM)
This memory only card (no controller onboard but required on the device to be used) is used with digital devices pre-2001 and max out at 128MB. Not being so convenient to the advancement of technology, these cards are still available but taking a back seat to all the others out there, especially the xD-Picture cards (see below).

MultiMediaCard (MMC) & CompactFlash I (CFI)

2008-03-24T05:04:00.000-07:00

MultiMediaCard (MMC)
These cards are identical to the SD cards on the outside but work differently on the inside. They were interchangeable in some devices but not most and the SD tends to be favored for its fast speed in comparison to the lagging MMC.

CompactFlash I (CFI)
About the size of a matchbook, CompactFlash cards were one of the first to become standard in the digital camera market, ranging from 8MB to 8GB capacity. Containing both memory chips and a controller, these cards have made quite an impact to become a popular digital mass-storage device.

Secure Digital Card (SD) & MiniSD Card

2008-03-24T04:48:00.000-07:00

Secure Digital Card (SD)
Initially created to hold and prevent duplication of copyright music files, these cards have grown immensely popular with photographers due to their low power consumption and small size. There are now a few types of SD cards, offering transfer rates of varying degrees, that are slowly pushing CompactFlash cards (too bulky for many new cameras on the market) out of the camera accessory business.

MiniSD Card
Essentially identical in function to its big brother, the only difference of the miniSD is that it is almost half the size and used with cell phones, MP3 players and digital cameras requiring a much smaller card. An adapter is available for use with devices requiring a standard size SD card.

TYPES OF FLASH MEMORY

2008-03-24T04:24:00.000-07:00

Secure Digital Card (SD)

MiniSD Card

MultiMediaCard (MMC)

CompactFlash I (CFI)

CompactFlash II (CFII)

Smart Media (SM)

XD-Picture Card (xD)

Memory Stick (MS)

Memory Stick PRO (MS PRO)

Memory Stick DUO (MS DUO)

Memory Stick PRO DUO (MS PRO DUO)

TransFlash Card

Guide To Flash Memory

2008-03-24T04:10:00.000-07:00

As the digital world advances, so does the desire to retain the information that is gathered. That is no exception for products such as digital cameras, cell phones and MP3 players that appear to get smaller in size and greater in file saving capacity.
We all want more music, pictures, contact lists, etc. to take on the road wherever we go in a device as small and lightweight as possible.A huge element that facilitates the need to save media files are flash memory cards.

Some devices come with a preset storage capacity while others can extend their amount of storage with the inclusion of a flash memory card. Currently there are over a dozen flash media cards available with some new ones ready to debut in the near future.

Such is the impact that many PCs and notebooks are including media readers in their systems to provide a simple method of extracting and writing files to the cards.
Now, which card to utilize is dependent on the device you own or are looking to buy, where it is recommended to check the device manufacturer's documentation or web site for reference and compatibility.
Below is a brief assessment of the current types of flash media cards in the market.

What Is Flash Memory
A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data storage device used with digital cameras, handheld and Mobile computers, telephones, music players, video game consoles, and other electronics.

They offer high re-record-ability, power-free storage, small form factor, and rugged environmental specifications. There are also non-solid-state memory cards that do not use flash memory, and there are different types of flash memory.

There are many different types of memory cards and jobs they are used for. Some common places memory cards are used include:

in digital cameras
in game consoles
in cell phones
in industrial applications.

PC card (PCMCIA) were among first commercial memory card formats (type I cards) to come out in the 1990s, but are now only mainly used in industrial applications and for I/O jobs (using types I/II/III), as a connection standard for devices (such as a modem). Also in 1990s, a number of memory card formats smaller than PC Card came out, including CompactFlash, SmartMedia, and Miniature Card. In other areas, tiny embedded memory cards (SID) were used in cell phones, game consoles started using proprietary memory card formats, and devices like PDAs and digital music players started using removable memory cards.

From the late 1990s into the early 2000s a host of new formats appeared, including SD/MMC, Memory Stick, xD-Picture Card, and a number of variants and smaller cards. The desire for ultra-small cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend toward smaller cards that left the previous generation of "compact" cards looking big. In digital cameras SmartMedia and CompactFlash had been very successful, in 2001 SM alone captured 50% of the digital camera market and CF had a strangle hold on professional digital cameras. By 2005 however, SD/MMC had nearly taken over SmartMedia's spot, though not to the same level and with stiff competition coming from Memory Stick variants, xD, as well as CompactFlash. In industrial fields, even the venerable PC card (PCMCIA) memory cards still manage to maintain a niche, while in cell-phones and PDAs, the memory card market is highly fragmented.

Nowadays, most new PCs have built-in slots for a variety of memory cards; Memory Stick, CompactFlash, SD, etc. Some digital gadgets support more than one memory card to ensure compatibility.

Memory Cautions
It is vitally important to know what memory devices your product or system uses. Two devices may look similar, but be totally different. So compatibility is critical. Always check your product's manual or manufacturer's website for memory compatibility.
Flash memory is not a hard drive. It has a shorter life span, based upon the actual technology used. Therefore, you should not plan to use flash memory as permanent storage, but as a floppy replacement - for temporary storage and transport. For long term storage, transfer your data to a CD or DVD.
Do airport X-Ray machines damage Memory Cards? Airport X-Ray Machines produce small amounts of static electricity. Normally, the amount produced is safe for electronic devices. However, many manufacturers suggest treating the cards as if they would be damaged by the x-ray machines. Also, DO NOT use the card as a means of long term storage of important files or photos. A small bolt of electrostatic charge will render the card useless and permanently destroy the files.

Glossary
EEPROM (also written E2PROM and pronounced e-e-prom or simply e-squared), which stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed. EEPROMs are the memory technology used in most flash memory cards.

Guide to Burning CDs

2008-03-19T04:56:00.000-07:00

There are two types of recordable CD Media CD-R (CD-Recordable)
and CD-RW (CD-Rewritable. While prerecorded CDs are pressed from a mold, recordable compact discs are actually burned with a laser, which is why the process of recording to CDs is known as burning. CD-R disks can only be recorded once. Once you create a CD using a CD-R disc you cannot add, delete or modify. CD-RWs can be erased and rewritten to, but you cannot add information without erasing the contents first.

The Basics of Burning
If you have a new PC with Windows and a CD/DVD burner (optical drive that records CD-R/CD-RW), burning CDs is incredibly easy.
It’s simply a matter of performing “save as” or “drag and drop” file operations like you would save files to a floppy or the hard drive.
Using Windows XP or Vista, when you first insert a blank CD into your CD recorder drive, Windows opens a dialog box asking you if you want to open a writable CD folder.
With the folder open, you can drag and drop files and/or directories into it.
Windows makes a copy of these files in a special staging area until it is time to burn the CD, and displays a list of the contents waiting to be recorded. You can use Windows built-in CD recording features, including the CD making capability of Windows Media Player, or you can use an after-market CD creating software product (such as Roxio CD Creator).
Using either (Windows, Media Player, or CD burning software) makes creating your own CDs is an easy process, even though the technology behind the screen is a quite complex process. Most of the time, just follow the prompts and in a few moments, out pops your finished CD.

CD Choice
First decide what you want to burn and what kind of disc you want to use. Since CD-R discs can only be recorded once, we recommend you use them for making music CDs, sharing videos and large files, and archiving your files - in other words, for disc you burn once and use.
A CD-R disc can be played in most CD-ROM/DVD drives as well as most home and car audio players, and DVD players.
The other kind of recordable CDs are CD-RW. You can erase and record CD-RW discs up to 1,000 times. This makes them great for backing up files that you continually update or want to change.
A CD-RW disc can be played in CD-RW drives and multi-read drives, but aren’t use readily readable beyond your PC (though there are some CD & DVD players that can read them). Standard CD-ROM drives and many home and car audio, and DVD players cannot read them (check your product documentation to be sure).

CD Burning Tips

Check your hard disk for errors and defragment it regularly. This will improve your drive's performance, and help your drive send data to the CD burner at the best possible speed and avoid buffer underruns (underruns result in useless CD - also known as coasters).
Free up enough hard drive space for the files you want to burn to the CD. Generally, you’re going to have to copy the files to your hard drive before burning - so be sure you have a few GB to spare, since a typical CD require about 750MB.
It’s a good idea to shut down all programs but the ones you need to finish your task. This depends on your PC - newer PC with multiple GB of RAM, and Windows Vista have less problem with prioritizing software to feed your CD burner, but it is still a good idea to give your CD burning software all the available RAM and processor resources.
If you discover you’re having problems burning discs and getting errors, try recording at a speed that’s slower than what your drive and media are certified for. This may slow down the burning operation a little, but is more likely to produce reliable CDs.
After you finish burning your CD, it’s a great idea to use a label kit to design and organize your library. Printing labels and jewelcase inserts is easy on most printers, and can produce very professional looking results. If you have a LightScribe drive and are using LightScribe media, you can label the CD itself.
Keep in mind that CD technology has changed dramatically in just the last couple of years. Replacing a CD burner is something you can expect every 2 years, to stay up to date with the latest capabilities. Today's burners, not only burn CDs and DVDs, but also Blu-ray discs as well! A burner with LightScribe capability also makes your discs look just like those that come from Microsoft!

Further Information
For further information, just read your optical drive user manual, your Windows help section for step-by-step instructions.

If you’re working with a Mac or an older computer Windows 95/98/2000/ME you'll have to use special CD burning software.

Once you have CD burning software, creating your own CDs is an easy process. Simply follow the drive manufacturer’s and software instructions.

A Guide To Cable Care and Maintenance

2008-03-19T04:38:00.000-07:00

A computer's cables are one of the most overlooked components of your PC. Yet cables are the pipes for your data. Damaged or defective cables can be a disaster, yet few of us ever think to give them any attention.

What Is A Cable
A cable is one or more wires or optical fibers bound together in a protective covering or sheath. The individual wires inside may vary from one kind to another: some can be copper because of its superior conductivity, or aluminum as it is fairly economical. Regardless of whatever kind of cable is being used, we must remember that it is not just efficiency that counts but longevity as well. To determine efficiency, longevity, and durability of a cable, a consumer must be familiar with certain cable specifics. There are factors that must be considered when purchasing a cable. This way, a consumer will avoid repetitive and unnecessary cable replacements.

Cable Care Tips
Unplug all cables, particularly power cables, before starting to clean anything. Keep power plugs from nearby sockets and avoid using cleaning products not prescribed by the manufacturer of the cable.
Cleaning products or other solvents can be used provided that dry cleaning is performed first. Clean away as much hair, dust, and other dirt without using solvents first. Solvents are advisable if and when cables (that are with white sheathe/protective covering) are smudged or yellowing.
When using a cleaning product, make sure it is not directly applied on the equipment; rather, apply it to a soft, clean cloth. Connector insulators, support beads, and seals are susceptible to solvent damage. Solvents can produce permanent physical damage that is why Isopropyl Alcohol is recommended for cleaning interfaces. It should be noted that connector interfaces should not be immersed in solvents and cleaning products of any kind because liquids trapped within the connector assembly can cause short circuits and can eventually damage equipment.Always keep cables clean and properly lubricated where necessary. Inspect them on a regular basis for torn or worn housing, frayed wires, and signs of bending or split or splinters. If the cable is equipped with rubber covers, be sure no water or any kind of dirt has become trapped in them.
If you roll your cables back into the natural circle they came in you will put far less wear and tear on your expensive cables by bending them less in a direction they have not been bent before. It takes a few more minutes to do that but it can be well worth your time.
Do not coil power wires (speaker wires or AC power cords).Once cables are attached to specific equipments, let cables hang to avoid breaking of wires from the inside.
Keep a ready supply of nylon and Velcro cable ties as well as rubber grommet pieces on hand in your home, office, garage or work site for those emergencies when nothing else will work. You will be surprised at how many uses they have!

Cable Set Up/Installation
Installing cable ties may seem simple enough, but doing the job with your bare hands can put an undue amount of stress on the cables you are bundling, and add some unnecessary wear-and-tear as well.
Examine the cable and make sure that you have the correct cable ends, proper size casing ferrules (a type of metal cap), correct size of adjusters, shape and thread size, as well as the overall cable length.
Examine which cable is to be used. This is especially when a cable is for general use. Hence, it is advisable to check hardware stores for specific cable for specific equipment or use.
Consider the workplace. It is advisable not to have many people in the work area, no fluids (this is for tests. In case there are minor mishaps injuries can be avoided). Also check your switchbox. Make sure a specific power line for a cable set up is switched off.
For minor set ups such as game systems, TV, wireless networking and among others, it is advisable to use latex gloves or any protective hand covering to prevent moisture from your hands which may result in minor electrical shock.
It is also best to label each cable used. Or group sets of cables by using a rubber band or coated wire. Do not coil cables for it may eventually break the wires inside or may fray sheathes and expose wires that can be potentially harmful.
By using an installation tool, you can prevent the over-tightening of cable ties, an occurrence that may not exactly sound dangerous, but can damage your cables’ jackets and inhibit proper signal transmission in Category 5 or 6 and fiber optic cables. Cable tying aids such as tensioning and cutoff tools can also physically benefit the installer: they not only ensure that the job will be completed quickly, but also protect hands and wrists against injury.

When it is time to replace cables?
One must know exactly when the right time to replace cables is. There shouldn’t be any physical damage to indicate that the cable is already malfunctioning. After considerable amount of troubleshooting and performed diagnostics and problems still persists the following are indicators that it is time for cable upgrade or replacement.

Always replace a generic cable as there is no definite lifespan for them. It is a temporary replacement but never rely on it. Cables that come with the system are still best as there is a warranty attached to them and has usually passed stringent requirements.
When you’re A/V equipment starts displaying flickering or choppy sounds, perform a plug in or plug out step. If problems persist then it is best to replace cables.
When cables are affected by a certain defect from the equipment it was used with, such as burning or melting, replace it.
When wires display abrasive cuts on the sheath or show fray, immediately replace cables.

Old or new, service cables can be nicked, torn, cut, or damaged in some other way. These types of deterioration require the cable to be replaced, or in a few cases, fixed. While the cable may have been broken in some other way, it is highly unlikely that it simply deteriorated as the result of cable age. In this case, fixing it is not the best option.
The way the cable ages is a function of its design. Cable reliability goes hand in hand with maintenance and proper care. Regardless of the durability being offered, it may eventually break down if mishandled. Internal wires are still metal. In this case, they are still prone to corrosion or tarnishing as they age. They could last for a great number of years but regular inspection should be carried out and if the cables are no longer within the accepted standards, they should be replaced.

Cable Organization (Cable Taming)

You can eliminate the eyesore and the tripping danger caused by loose cables with: split tubing that tucks wires neatly away, raised flooring units that hide cables below your feet, cord caddies, computer cable organizers, cable clips and wraps of all sizes, power distribution units, and more. Cable clutter is the last thing you would want to see on your workstation. Power cables, computer cables peripheral cables, cable Internet or telephone lines and even speaker cables when all tangled will turn it into a “rat’s nest”.
This collection of cables is open to physical damage by crimping or breaking, potentially getting drenched with a chocolate spill and even accidentally being disconnected when tripped on. If they are behind your desk and out of site, they possibly have a good coating of dust on them. Not only is this mess unpleasant, the dust can cause heat to build up in your computer equipment. Lastly, that “rat’s nest” of cables is a potential fire hazard which is very dangerous.

Here are some tips on how you can resolve cable clutter.

Start by unplugging and disconnecting all the cables and power cords, then vacuum and clean them to get rid of any built up dust.
Figure out how many components you have that need their own AC power connection. A great idea is to get a couple of power bars (with surge protectors) for your components. These will allow you to physically group the pieces that need power (i.e. left side of your desk, right side of your desk) plug them directly into the power bars that can connect to different wall outlets. Try to group the components so you don't need to use extension cords to reach the power bars.
Computer peripherals all come with cords, which are sometimes longer than they need to be for your set up. Different lengths of cables are available at computer and other retail outlets. Replacing long cords with shorter ones can get rid of a lot of clutter.
Since many peripherals now connect by USB cables, you may be able to get rid of a lot of the cables running back to your computer by installing a USB hub running back to your computer then plugging your peripherals into the hub.
On the other hand, USB connections can be "daisy chained" so you might be able to essentially plug some of your peripherals directly into each other leaving only one cable running back to your computer.
Cable hooks that look a little like an upside down letter "T" (only with curved ends) can be fastened to the underside of your desk and keep cables up and away from your feet.

Once you have figured out how to run your cables, your next step is to keep the cables themselves organized. Here are some of your options.

Cable clips or cable ties that wrap around a group of cables. The cable clips can usually be opened up and then closed again so you can modify your set up over time. Most cable ties lock together for security and are designed for one time use, so would need to be replaced if opened.
Reusable Velcro straps are similar to cable clips but may be easier for some people to open and close.
Split tubing (just as the name says) is a tube about 1/2" to 1" in diameter that is split along one side to allow for easy insertion of cables. The split side allows for individual cables to be added or broken out in various locations, depending on your physical installation.
Try not to run AC power cables in close proximity to other cables.

If your cable clutter is on top of your desk and not underneath or behind it, consider drilling a hole at the back corner of the desk to install a color coordinated plastic grommet. You can use cable wraps or split tubing to corral all your cables and run them all together to the hole rather than having them drape over the edge of your desk.
You can also go wireless if these options sound like a lot of work. Keyboards, mice and other peripherals that do not need any cables to work readily accessible, and once set up for wireless, cable clutter will be a thing of the past.

Website Builder: How Do I Benefit?

2008-02-16T09:39:00.000-08:00

As a business owner, your initial steps towards building a website are usually ones of hesitation and doubt. You’ve heard the hype and every single business news and media outlet talk about this website and that website and all what a website can do for you and your business.
But what are your options?
You have several options if you are going to purchase a website package.
They are:
Hire A Website Designer
When you hire a website designer, you WILL get a professional looking website. However, what you’ll inevitably get is a very big price tag and a lack of control. You are at the whim of the designer and their schedule. Also, you’ll have to qualify them (many are sole proprietors or ‘freelancers’).
Pros: Professional looking website Cons:
Cost; scheduling delays; lack of control

Do-It-Yourself/Get A Friend
The Do-It-Yourself/Get A Friend option is very appealing at first glance. After all, you’ll learn a new skill. You learn how to code, how to maintain a website, how to build a website and all the infinite details. However, this all requires time. If you have the time, go for it. All the risk and rewards will be yours. Since you don’t have the time because you’re busy attracting more customers and focusing on the business, you decide to get a friend to help. Your friend tells you that they’ll get to it. A week later, you ask your friend how’s the website because you haven’t seen anything. So they tell you that they had a hard week at work and… You get the picture. Your friend’s time is valuable to them as well.

Pros: Potential to be very inexpensive
Cons: High learning curve;
your margin is at risk because you are taking away from your core business knowledge and spreading yourself thinly. May damage your friendship because you’re managing your friend just like an employee.
Your business image is at risk because you don’t know if the finished product will be professional.
Website Builder When building a website, you look for these 4 items:
1) Inexpensive website building
2) Professional design
3) Have access to changes from any PC
4) Accessible Customer Service
The cost of a website is the initial sticker shock when thinking about website ownership. However, the cost can often overshadow what you require. For example, you require a registered domain name, a place to host your website (store your files) and the ability to control the context of your website from one central location. If the price appears too cheap for what they’re offering, then you may question whether you want to have your website hosted with that company.
You also want a company that will backup your data on a regular basis. A website company that also keeps abreast of technology that can help your website business grow is also important. Website building shouldn’t be overly complicated.
A website company that can help you build your website from the ground up with a focus on delivering your website professionally, inexpensively and on time will get your business 99% of the time.
Evaluate your website company and see what they can deliver. That’s the only way of knowing if they’re right for you and your website business.

The Right Website Copywriter To Boost Your Website's Profits

2008-02-16T09:32:00.000-08:00

Running a website is not an easy job; it takes some effort to make money online. There must be hundreds of millions of webpages out there struggling to be noticed by search engines and by their target audiences. If you are a website publisher who's eager to get your brand or service in front of the right readers, it would take more than just a good logo or business concept to get them flocking to and trusting your site. To grab people's attention and increase website traffic, you must provide something extra, something unique, something they may not find elsewhere. But the problem is, you may have so much on your plate as it is that you can't possibly provide grade-A content 100% of the time. Even great webmasters and website publishers need a little help sometimes.
If you think about it, no amount of black hat SEO or link wizardry will get you the long-term results you are really shooting for. High-quality content is what your target customers want. Skillful linkbuilding may build a lot of short- to mid-term traffic but classic content lasts a long long time. To make serious money online, you have to give your clients this content. Many website owners invest their time and money in web design and online promotions without even considering the importance of original content. Do you really want to look just like your direct competitor -- providing a mirror-image of their services to your readers and potential clients? High-quality content, as opposed to knock-off imitations and readily available templates, is crucial to a website's success. What you need are highly capable content producers who will drive qualified traffic to your website and give it some distinction. This is what competent and effective website copywriters are all about -- producing quality content for your website and help you make money online.
But before you hire, you must ask yourself what exactly you are looking for in a website copywriter.
The following guidelines will certainly help you pick the best website copywriter to help you increase your online profits:

1. Can they produce quantity as well as quality? This is extremely important; high quality content is imperative, and so is quantity. A constant and steady amount of high-quality material is an essential ingredient for a successful online business. A website copywriter has to be able to deliver both quantity and quality to make you money. With this in mind, you must ask them for a guaranteed daily quota. You would want a lot of work done in a short span of time, but you can't possibly expect high quality with that mindset. When you ask for too high a quota you will probably be sacrificing quality. Somewhere around 2000 words a day is average.
2. Will they be able to produce original content? There are a lot of ways to ensure that your content is purely original. Ask the website copywriter for a guarantee that all written materials will be checked explicitly for duplicate content. To avoid plagiarism and other copyright issues, they must run their work through originality checkers such as . and or other reliable duplicate content checkers available to them. Your content plays a very important role in search engine optimization. Passing off content that you can easily find in thousands of other sites won't help your PageRank or traffic at all. Original high-quality content is indeed the best way to optimize search engine results -- and a website copywriter producing original material makes it all happen.
3. Does the website copywriter have a back-up? When you retain the services of a ghost writer for a long period of time (to produce blocks of content, for example), you must make sure that there are contingencies in place -- just in case they become unavailable all of a sudden. Having a back-up will ensure your deliverables. Moreover, you have to ask if the back-up is just as, if not more, capable than the original writer. You wouldn't want your content quality to nosedive whenever your leased writer is temporarily unavailable. Using a copywriting company, as opposed to a single freelancer, is your best choice if delivery and quality consistency are important to you.
4. Does the website copywriter have an editor? Some website copywriters for hire could very well be their own editors. But wouldn't it be better if they had someone to help them with errors they could overlook themselves? Editors play a key role in this process because they make sure that the writer's work is delivered on time, every time. They check for grammatical errors, inconsistencies in flow, compliance with your instructions, and overall quality of the writer's work. Also, they function as project managers; they inform the writer of the topical and stylistic guidelines that the client requires.
5. Do they follow a quality-assurance process? How can you be sure that you are getting materials that live up to your own standards? Would it cost you extra to send some back to the writer for revisions? Website copywriters should follow protocol as far as quality-assurance is concerned. First, they must submit a block sample of their work to the client. Second, they make necessary revisions after receiving client feedback. This process continues until the client gets what they want. Meanwhile, the website copywriter shoulders all costs incurred during these revisions. Quality-assurance like this will only guarantee the best results in output and client satisfaction.
6. Will the writer surrender full rights of the materials produced to the client? All materials produced by a website copywriter must be on a purely work-for-hire basis. Ideally, the client assumes all rights to the materials obtained from the writers during the length of their employment or contract. Under the work-for-hire system, copyright ownership falls on the client and not the writer.
7. Can you, as the client, set the tone or style for the articles? You can, as the hiring party, ask the website copywriter to follow certain parameters -- specifying demographics, for instance. As the client, you must also welcome the writer's preferences in tone and style for the job. To be able to work efficiently, you must allow them to make any suggestion that they think would cater to your audience better.
8. Will they accommodate your format requirements? Ask for an OS platform-neutral delivery format so your text can be published correctly. These are usually in the form of .txt or .html files.

Website copywriters who offer these services and more will promote a business relationship that is result-oriented, stable, and consistent. With the best copywriter working for you, you can sit back, relax, and leave the arduous content work to them for a change.

Duplicate Content Checker To Boost Your Traffic

2008-02-16T09:30:00.000-08:00

The buzz on duplicate content penalties is almost deafening. Some people think it's a myth while others strongly believe that search engines are out to hunt down these so-called posers and give them the worst punishment possible. Regardless of their accurate definition, duplicate content penalties do occur. The bottom line is that search engines aren't big fans of duplicate content at all, so why even have it on your website? The last thing any search engine would want is to give its users an unsatisfying search experience. They are doing everything in their power to provide optimum search results. By constantly improving their algorithms and filtering duplicate content, they are presenting their users with the most relevant and unique listings for search results. This is the main reason you use search engines in the first place. For them to work to your advantage as a website owner or blogger, you will need high-quality content that is both unique and informative. This way, search engine results related to your niche pull up your page as a primary valid listing. How do search engines deal with duplicate content exactly, you ask? Google, for instance, uses a supplemental index found within its database that acts as a filtering mechanism. Basically, it weeds out websites and blogs that have duplicate content. They use spiders called Googlebots to collect and analyze similar content found in different web pages. They select a few of these web pages and present them in related searches. Meanwhile, those that are disregarded are placed in Google's supplemental index. This doesn't mean your site is thrown into the void, never to be found again; it is merely positioned at the end of search listings, which makes it almost impossible for search engine users to stumble upon your site.

Duplicate content doesn't do you or your site any good at all. You want significant traffic to pour into your site. The best solution to boost traffic for your site with SEO is to create original content. Writing unique content to your readers is like coming up with a remedy for a particular disease. People are always looking for something that would satisfy their curiosity, but if you give them information that they've already been hearing a thousand times over, then you are not really offering anything new to the table. A good website or blog thrives on well-written and originative content -- that is a fact. By providing original content, you are giving search engine users a pretty good reason to visit your site. It isn't easy to come up with purely original content all the time. You do your best to write original content, but sometimes it still isn't enough. The good news is that there are tools available for you to maximize your original text output. The best of the lot, I would say, is a duplicate content checker. This tried-and-tested tool analyzes and checks your articles for duplicate texts. A duplicate content checker basically goes over your own material, checks it against other available web content, and hits you with a red flag if matching texts are detected. All in all, without original content, your site could just be as good as invisible. Be seen and be a valuable source of online content. Write unique copies and use a duplicate content checker every chance you get. By doing so, you're sure to get some Google-love and, ultimately, a decent amount of traffic into your site.

3 Good Signs of Bad Website

2008-01-15T05:24:00.000-08:00

When the internet first became popular years ago, it was o.k. to get your neighbor's kid to design a website for you. Remember that? A page with a bunch of square pictures and fonts of different sizes and colors telling about yourself or your business. WOW! We thought that was something! While that may have been acceptable 15 years ago, today you would be the laughingstock of the community.

Below we list three easy ways to spot a bad website, or 3 good signs of a bad website. This list will help you avoid common mistakes make by beginning web designers.

Here are 3 things you need to check when designing your website:

1.) Consistency-A website should be consistent in design throughout all pages. You should not have a picture of palm trees as the background for one page and pictures of Egyptian pyramids on the next. Your website should flow seamlessly like a software program, not like a composite of 20 different sites piled on top of one another. Your font style and size should be the same on every page. It is best to use a CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) to control your font sizes. However if you are not sure how to use one, just do your best to make sure that each page follows the same design standards.

2.) Components- Beware of using "free webmaster tools" for your guestbook, forum, or other site components. Such services often steal your hits, rob your traffic, and lower your Pagerank in the search engines. They do this because your visitors must leave your site to sign your guestbook, etc. When your pages are indexed by the search engines, they will not be listed with your domain. Not to mention the fact that they're usually ugly. With todays easy to use Content Management Systems, it is simple to download and install these components on your site. This not only keeps your visitors on your site, but it also helps you follow rule #1.

3.) Compatibility- Not everyone uses the same web browser. Just because your site looks good on your computer does not mean it looks good on others. Download Firefox, Netscape and a few other browsers. See how your site looks on them. Then set your monitor to a different resolution and try again. Make sure that you are not losing possible clients because your website looks strange in their browser.

If you are going to put forth the effort to own a website, you might as well make it look professional. Avoiding these three common mistakes in web design is a good start.

Web Site Turn-Offs

2008-01-15T05:20:00.000-08:00

There are a number of ways guaranteed to turn-off visitors to your web site. These are worth considering as you either design a site, or revise a site.

Turn-offs generally can be defined as anything that impedes the user from quick and easy (intuitive) use of your site.

Turn-offs also are often the result of gratuitous use of technical 'bells and whistles'.

One of the major turn-offs is a sloooow loading site.

There can be a number of contributing factors to this:

* Large graphics files (meaning the file size in bytes). Graphics files need to be optimised to reduce the file size to a minimum to enable them to travel through the Internet in minimum time.

* Splash Screens. These are often Flash graphics and can take a long time to 'load', especially where there is limited bandwidth. Bandwidth is the carry capacity of the Internet, the bigger the faster - a bit like comparing a fire hose and a garden hose. Unfortunately in Australia bandwidth tends to be at the smaller end of the scale. Splash screens also annoy repeat visitors, as they revisit the site and have to wait for the screen to load (not everyone knows how to properly Bookmark).

* Excessively long pages. Pages should generally be no longer than three screen-fulls (scrolls). Also, bear in mind that most people scan web pages rather that read in detail (until they find the specific page they seek).

Other turn-offs include:

* Background music that automatically starts as the page loads. As well as slooowing the page loading down, your choice of music is unlikely to please everyone.

* Set a screen resolution too wide for the majority of computers in use. You would be surprised how many computers with 640 pixel x 480 pixel screens are still in use. So, set Table widths as a percentage of screen width, otherwise many of your visitors will be annoyed by needing to utilise the horizontal scroll bar.

* Requiring obscure 'Plug-Ins' as essentials to effectively use your site. A Plug-In is a piece of software that works in conjunction with a browser to display specific material, e.g. a movie clip, sound, etc. As your visitor probably won't have them, they then need to download the Plug-In and install it before they can continue using your site. Often people do not know how to do this.

* Endless little 'Pop-Up' screens that appear on top of the web page, particularly if they contain advertisements. Incidentally, if you are annoyed by these as a user of the Internet there are a number of pieces of software that can eliminate these, as well as banner advertisements when pages are viewed.

* On subscription and order forms ask for excessive information. Research indicates that response drops off almost proportionally to the amount of information required.

Free Image Hosting Service

2008-01-15T05:18:00.000-08:00

Image hosting is a part of most web hosting services, providing hosting solutions for images instead of words. Most web hosts that host web pages do allow image hosting as well, but most times you have to pay for those services, or of those that are offered with no charges, you are limited to the size or quality of images you can submit.

Free image hosting however is not a faux promise, neither is it too good to be true. Why may image hosting be necessary? Sometimes a person might wish to publish a web page, but may find that his server at home or at the point of production is not adequate enough to keep the page running on the internet – in order that the published web page is to be continuously displayed, the server through which it is published must also run continuously on the internet. Also, a server also has to be able to support high traffic flowing to the websites that it connects to the Internet – what would be the point of publishing a page without the intension of having people visit the page? If the server is shut off, then the page also goes offline and becomes inaccessible to the public.
Web hosting is the service provided to persons who wish to have their web pages up on the internet at all times but who do not have the means or support to do so on their own. Web hosting services may be offered free of charge or they may require a service fee, but almost all web hosting packages include free image hosting services.

Image hosting is a big industry today, drawing almost 90% of the audience market. In fact, almost every site wants to publish a video advertisement or a music introduction in an attempt to increase his market size. Most sites that provide free image hosting services however will limit the amount or size of images that you can post. For example, if you have a site that is dedicated to providing ring tones, music videos, large amounts of photographs or any other image in very large amounts or with very big file attachments, you will not be allowed to publish via the free image hosting service. On the other hand, if you wish to post images on a blog site or any other site with size restrictions, then free image hosting is your solution.

How to Optimize Your Website for Local Search

2008-01-15T05:04:00.000-08:00

Nowadays, businesses and entrepreneurs, both big and small, know the fact that advertising at traditional media is not practical anymore. Because ad spending is considered a major operating cost in all businesses, it should be targeted in initiatives that would specifically and effectively reach the target consumers. Proper and well-visited venues and media forms should also take most of the ad efforts. Thus, because online media has been fast becoming a popular and well-utilized media, consumers are more exposed to it and so businesses swoon to follow where consumers or prospective customers are. So you know that it is now considered a necessity to put up a Website for your business.Suppose your company has established an online page where clients could find out more about your products and services. Logically, the quest does not stop there. You have to aim for your Web site to be exposed to prospective clients or for it to tap the intended and target online users.
Operating a Web site, you would soon know that the initiative is not an easy one. But to help you carry out that goal, it would help if you would optimize your Web site for local search. On top of that concern, you should also specifically aim to target local searches. You know that the Internet is a hub that contains millions of companies' Web pages.
So how could you top those searches and make sure consumers check out and easily find your site? The Answer lies in search engines. You should optimize your Web site so that it would easily and strategically be listed in search results. Targeting local listing would also be necessary if you aim to tap consumers who are within your vicinity and who would more probably be convinced and called to action to conduct business with your company. Here are several measures that you could take as you act to bolster optimization of your Web site for local search.

* Adopt a marketing program specifically for the local search engine. To do this, you have to initially determine the scope and range of penetration of ads in the market and of course the possible competition to your Web site.

* Revise several pages or rewrite contents so that the articles would be keyword rich. When the content is rich in strategic and search keywords, for sure, search engine ranking would be better and more effective. Doing so would also help maximize the placement of your Web page in numerous search engine queries.

* Do a Piggyback search engine optimization so that traffic would be redirected to your site. Article marketing would also be helpful in creating Web sites with quality back links.

* Make Web site directory submissions by sending such to as mush as 300 search engine worldwide and affiliated regional directories.

* Market and advertise your Web site through traditional and online classifieds. The Craigslist is an example of an effective online classified that would be a great help to your Web site.

Overall, make your Web site user-friendly, interesting and informative. Creating a good impression to online users would help your Web site, and your business as well, achieve well patronage and regular heavy online traffic.

Copying floppy to floppy.

2007-12-19T02:51:00.000-08:00

Issue:
Copying floppy to floppy.

Answer:
Use the MS-DOS diskcopy command by following the below steps.

Get to a MS-DOS prompt or the Windows command line. Additional information about how to get to the prompt can be found on document CHDOS.
Once at the prompt insert the floppy diskette you wish to make a copy of and type the below command.diskcopy a:

Once you have typed the above command and pressed enter, you should be asked for the source diskette that is already in the drive. After it has started copying the information it will ask for a destination, insert the disk you wish to copy the information on to. The process of switching between the source and destination disk may happen several times depending on the amount of data on the diskette.

Additional information:
See document CH000823 for basic information about how to copy information to and from a floppy.
See our diskcopy command page for additional information about this command.

What is an external / internal command?

2007-12-19T02:48:00.000-08:00

Question:
What is an external / internal command?

Answer:
In MS-DOS there are two types of commands. An Internal command, which is a command embedded into the command.com file, and an external command, which is not embedded into command.com and therefore requires a separate file to be used.

For example, if your computer does not have fdisk.exe and you try using the fdisk command, you would receive an error "Bad command or file name." Fdisk is an external command that will only work if fdisk.exe, or in some cases, fdisk.com, is present.
However, as long as MS-DOS is running on your computer internal commands such as the cd command will always be available and does not require any other files to run.

Computer Hope's MS-DOS page lists what commands are external and what are internal on each of the command pages. In addition, you can see our dictionary internal command page and/or external command page for a complete listing of each of the internal and external commands available.

Microsoft DOS cd command

2007-12-19T02:37:00.000-08:00

About CD
AvailabilityCD
SyntaxExamples
Additional Information

About cd
CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.
For example, if you needed to run Windows 3.11 from DOS, you would type:

cd windows - Changing the directory to Windows;
win - To run the win.com file within the windows directory.

Syntax
CHDIR [drive:][path]
CHDIR[..]
CD [drive:][path]
CD[..]

Examples
cd\
Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.
cd..
Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the C:\Windows\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\Windows>

cd windows
If present, would take you into the Windows directory. Windows can be substituted with any other name.

cd\windows
If present, would first move back to the root of the drive and then go into the Windows directory.

cd windows\system32
If present, would move into the system32 directory located in the Windows directory.
If at any time you need to see what directories are available in the directory you're currently in use the dir command.

cd
Typing cd alone will print the working directory. For example, if you're in c:\windows> and you type the cd it will print c:\windows. For those users who are familiar with Unix / Linux this could be thought of as doing the pwd (print working directory) command.

Additional information
Windows 95 and Windows 98 added a new feature in the CD command which allows you to go back more than one directory when using the dots.
For example, typing cd... with three dots after the cd would take you back two directories.

http://www.computerhope.com/cdhlp.htm#02

Motherboard Connectors............

2007-12-15T09:40:00.000-08:00

Motherboard Connectors Expansion SlotsProcessor Socket Memory Slots

IDE Ports Pin Outs

Motherboard connector's close-up

The block of connectors on the motherboard which include the Ethernet, USB,
serial, com and mouse/keyboard ports is often referred to as the I/O Panel, the
often silver surround which sits between the panel and the outer edge of your
system case is called the I/O shield.

Expansion slots
Usually PCI to allow for other devices to be installed, AGP cards are used solely for video cards. Newer versions including PCI-Express functions still remain the same.

Processor socket

Here your processor (CPU) is connected to the motherboard. Usually they have
a socket design with a lever on one edge once lifted you can insert the
processor. Normally a small notch or marked corner indicates the only way that
the processor can fit the socket. Once secured the heat sink and thermal paste
is installed over the processor and secured into place.

Memory slots

Also known as memory banks as each slot on the motherboard is termed a bank
of memory. You will need to check that you are using the right type of memory
for you board. They will only fit into the slots one way by noting the notch in
the middle of the module and the number of pins on each side. Once the clips at
either end have been opened the module can then be pressed firmly into the slot
and the clips secured to hold the module in place.

IDE Connectors

These connect to your IDE devices of either hard drives or CD/DVD Drives or a
combination of both. A smaller IDE connector is also used for Floppy disk
drives.

Pin outs

Every switch on the front panel of your case including the power switch,
reset, power led, hdd led, and any USB ports all need to be connected to the pin
outs on the motherboard to function.

Others

Other connectors on your motherboard include additional pins to connect fans
to. If you have built-in sound you will also see AUX and CD-in which connect to
the DVD drive to allow for playback directly from the drive.

Motherboards the different parts explained

2007-12-15T09:25:00.000-08:00

The motherboard is the centre piece of you system it contains all the circuitry and components either directly on the board or via additional components which connect directly to it. The motherboard is also often referred to as the main board.

The motherboards many connectors and slots include a socket for the processor to be installed along with memory slots, a number of expansion slots, connectors to IDE/SATA devices and smaller connectors for USB, serial and printer connectors.

The motherboard plays an essential role in the following aspects of your computer system:
Organization of devices: Everything is eventually connected to the motherboard. The way that the motherboard is designed and laid out dictates how the entire computer is going to be organized. Control of the devices: Built-in to the motherboard is the chipset and BIOS program, which between them control the majority of data flow throughout the different computer systems.
System Communication: Almost all communication between the PC and its peripherals, other PCs, and you, the user, goes through the motherboard.
Processor Support: The motherboard socket depicts which choice of processor you can use in your system.
Peripheral Support: The motherboards components determine what type of peripherals you can use in your PC. For example, you can not use AGP cards if you only have PCI slots. System Performance: The motherboard is a major factor in your system's performance; it dictates which type of processors, memory, system buses, and hard disk interface speed your system can have via its connectors or BIOS settings. Often if you are upgrading after a number of years you will need to replace the board, CPU, and memory.
Upgradeability: As motherboards are developed newer processors may not be compatible with your hardware as limitations of the circuitry built-in to the board itself will not allow them to run. As a result you can look for any upgrades via your maker's website but may need to consider upgrading.

Motherboard Connectors Expansion SlotsProcessor Socket Memory Slots

IDE Ports Pin Outs

motherboard circuit daigram 1

2007-12-15T09:15:00.000-08:00

Motherboard-Callouts

Base Board Repair and Rework

2007-12-15T02:33:00.000-08:00

How To Create an......

2007-12-09T01:54:00.000-08:00

How To Create an MS-DOS Network Startup Disk in Windows Server 2003

SUMMARY
This step-by-step article describes how to create an MS-DOS network startup disk in Windows Server 2003.Windows Server 2003 does not contain an equivalent to the Network Client Administrator tool that is included with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0.
You can use the Network Client Administrator tool to create an MS-DOS network startup disk.
You can run the Network Client Administrator tool for the x86 platform in Windows Server
2003.

Set Up the Network Client Administrator Program
1.Create a folder that is named Ncadmin in the root folder of drive C.

2.Copy the following files from the I386 folder on the Windows NT Server 4.0 CD-ROM to the c:\Ncadmin folder you created in step 1:
Ncadmin.cn_
Ncadmin.ex_
Ncadmin.hl_

NOTE: You also must have access to the CD-ROM drive letter:\Clients folder on the Windows NT 4.0 CD-ROM.

3. At a command prompt, change to the C:\Ncadmin folder.
4. Type expand -r ncadmin.*, and then press ENTER.
5. Double-click the Ncadmin.exe file in the c:\Ncadmin folder, and then follow the instructions
on the screen to create an MS-DOS network startup disk.

REFERENCES
For more information about the Windows NT Server 4.0 Network Client Administrator tool, see the Ncadmin.hlp file in the c:\Ncadmin folder.

For additional information about what to do if there are no supported drivers, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

142857 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/142857/EN-US/) How to Create a Network Installation Boot Disk

APPLIES TO
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition (32-bit x86)
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Web Edition

Keywords:
kbmgmtservices/ kbhowto/ kbhowtomaster/ kbnetwork/ KB325848

The setup process for....

2007-12-09T01:32:00.000-08:00

The setup process for hotfixes or security patches stops responding when the MS DTC service is disabled

SYMPTOMS
When the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS DTC) service is disabled, the setup process for any one of the following updates stops responding on a Microsoft Windows Server 2003-based computer:
•823230
•913580
•911280
The Software Update Installation Wizard appears to stop responding as it is displaying the Finishing installation dialog box. The Details box shows the following message:

Performing cleanup
For more information about these hotfixes, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

823230 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/823230/) Issues that are resolved in the pre-Service Pack 1 release of Ntfrs.exe

913580 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/913580/) MS06-018: Vulnerability in Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator could allow denial of service

911280 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/911280/) MS06-025: Vulnerability in Routing and Remote Access could allow remote code execution

RESOLUTION
To resolve this problem, install the latest COM+ 1.5 Rollup Package for Windows Server 2003, or upgrade to Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 (SP1).

Rollup package information
For more information about COM+ 1.5 Rollup Package 6 for Windows Server 2003, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:\

897667 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/897667/) Availability of Windows Server 2003 Post-Service Pack 1 COM+ 1.5 Hotfix Rollup Package 6.

Service pack information
To resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Windows Server 2003. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

889100 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/889100/) How to obtain the latest service pack for Windows Server 2003.

STATUS
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.

MORE INFORMATION
For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

824684 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684/) Description of the standard terminology that is used to describe Microsoft software updates

APPLIES TO
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Web Edition
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
•Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition

Keywords:
kbbug kbfix kbqfe kbpubtypekc kbwinserv2003presp1fix KB886972

Professional Series PR310

2007-12-05T06:03:00.000-08:00

• AMD Turion®64 X2 Processor
• Windows Vista® Business
• 13.3" TFT-LCD Widescreen Display
• Ultra Lightweight and Slim Design
• Fingerprint Reader
• AI Array MIC
• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Output
• Built-in 1.3 Mega Pixel Webcam
• 802.11 b/g Wireless LAN with Bluetooth.

PR310 - The Newest Choice for Fashion on the Move

To deliver truly high performance computing power, the PR310 uses the AMD Turion64 X2 Processor, and support Genuine Windows Vista® Business. Additionally, featuring elegant lines and a sophisticated minimalist sensibility, the MSI PR310 is designed to reflect you professionalism at work and your desire for entertainment. In the other side, equipped with wireless functionality, AI array microphone, and 1.3 mega pixels webcam, the PR310 is ready made to fit into your life at work and play.
For the protection of your confidential information, the PR310 also offers fingerprint reader security function, guarding your information from hackers and unwanted individuals at the office or elsewhere. With the MSI PR310 laptop computer, working hard and playing hard come hand in hand.
The Perfect 13.3" ACV (Amazing Crystal Vision) Widescreen Display

The PR310’s 13.3” display is perfect for reading text large or small. It surpasses text viewing on a 12” notebook display and is more portable than a 14” notebook, giving you a more balanced notebook.
Ultra Lightweight and Slim Design

Featuring elegant lines and a sophisticated minimalist sensibility, the PR310 is dominated by a Black and Silver color scheme. With the addition of the finely detailed MSI logo, the PR310 exudes a clean, sleek and refined sense of taste.
Measuring in at 31cm in length, 23cm in width, and 25-37cm in height, along with a weight of 1.9kg (including battery), PR310 is very portable.
Fingerprint Reader for Data Security

With the MSI PR310’s fingerprint reader, you’ll never again have to memorize awkward usernames and passwords to access your computer. Just lightly press your finger on the reader at the front to unlock. Through the recognition for your unique fingerprint, you can be sure that only you and no one else can use your computer.
High-Definition Multimedia Interface

HDMI not only enables 5Gbps data transfers, but also eliminates the need for signal conversions, ensuring the best quality video. With impeccable video quality, the PR310 livens up your presentations and briefings at work with impressive and vivid colors. When off the job, HDMI also offers you the best way to enjoy your favorite movie titles and TV programs.
Communicate Without Distraction

The AI Array Microphone is effective at suppressing ambient noise and reverberation. It uses a fundamentally different way to process voice, effectively forming a 3-D cone shaped beam in front of the PR310. Any noise outside the beam, whether above or below, will be cancelled out. Besides, the AI Array MIC does not limit your movement when recording or communicating, allowing you to move freely..

Built-in 1.3 Mega Pixel Webcam

You can create amazing videos, shoot still photos or add live videos your instant messages while you chat.

Effective Performance To deliver truly high performance computing power, the PR310 uses the AMD Turion64 X2 Processor. Additionally PR310 is also equipped with a 4-in-1 card reader and a Multi-DVD burner. So, you can easy to edit or save high-quality photos/video as desktop PC. Moreover, featuring the 802.11 b/g wireless networking standard, the PR310 will get you on the internet wirelessly anytime, while also featuring Bluetooth wireless transmission capability for added connectivity.

Support Genuine Windows Vista® Business

Professional Series PR320

2007-12-05T05:45:00.000-08:00

MSI recommends Windows Vista® Business
• The Latest Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology
• Windows Vista® Business
• 13.3" TFT-LCD Widescreen Display
• Ultra Lightweight and Slim Design
• Fingerprint Reader
• AI Array MIC
• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Output
• Built-in 1.3 Mega Pixel Webcam
• 802.11 N Wireless LAN with Bluetooth

PR320 - The Newest Choice for Fashion on the Move

The PR320 features the latest Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology, which uses Intel® Core™2 Duo processor and Intel® GM965 Express Chipset, to deliver truly outstanding dual-core performance computing power, great battery life, and expanded wireless connectivity. Besides, PR320 support Windows Vista® Business. Additionally, featuring elegant lines and a sophisticated minimalist sensibility, the MSI PR320 is designed to reflect your professionalism at work and your desire for entertainment. In the other side, equipped with wireless functionality, AI array microphone, and 1.3 mega pixels webcam, the PR320 is ready made to fit into your life at work and play.
For the protection of your confidential information, the PR320 also offers fingerprint reader security function, guarding your information from hackers and unwanted individuals at the office or elsewhere. With the MSI PR320 laptop computer, working hard and playing hard come hand in hand.

The Perfect 13.3" ACV (Amazing Crystal Vision) Widescreen Display
The PR320’s 13.3” display is perfect for reading text large or small. It surpasses text viewing on a 12” notebook display and is more portable than a 14” notebook, giving you a more balanced notebook.

Ultra Lightweight and Slim Design
Featuring elegant lines and a sophisticated minimalist sensibility, the PR320 is dominated by a Black and Silver color scheme. With the addition of the finely detailed MSI logo, the PR320 exudes a clean, sleek and refined sense of taste.
Measuring in at 31cm in length, 23cm in width, and 25-37cm in height, along with a weight of 1.9kg (including battery), PR320 is very portable.

Fingerprint Reader for Data Security
With the MSI PR320’s fingerprint reader, you’ll never again have to memorize awkward usernames and passwords to access your computer. Just lightly press your finger on the reader at the front to unlock. Through the recognition for your unique fingerprint, you can be sure that only you and no one else can use your computer.

High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HDMI not only enables 5Gbps data transfers, but also eliminates the need for signal conversions, ensuring the best quality video. With impeccable video quality, the PR320 livens up your presentations and briefings at work with impressive and vivid colors. When off the job, HDMI also offers you the best way to enjoy your favorite movie titles and TV programs.

Communicate Without Distraction
The AI Array Microphone is effective at suppressing ambient noise and reverberation. It uses a fundamentally different way to process voice, effectively forming a 3-D cone shaped beam in front of the PR320. Any noise outside the beam, whether above or below, will be cancelled out. Besides, the AI Array MIC does not limit your movement when recording or communicating, allowing you to move freely.

Built-in 1.3 Mega Pixel Webcam

You can create amazing videos, shoot still photos or add live videos your instant messages while you chat.

Effective Performance
The PR320 features the latest Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology, which uses Intel® Core™2 Duo processor and Intel® GM965 Express Chipset, to deliver innovative mobile solutions with exceptional dual-core performance, great battery life, and expanded wireless connectivity. Additionally PR320 is also equipped with a 4-in-1 card reader, and a Multi-DVD burner. So, you can easy to edit or save high-quality photos/video as desktop PC. Moreover, featuring the 802.11 N wireless networking standard, the PR320 will get you on the internet wirelessly anytime, while also featuring Bluetooth wireless transmission capability for added connectivity.

Support Genuine Windows Vista® Business

Important Considerations Before You Use the Fdisk and Format Tools

2007-11-28T09:17:00.000-08:00

Consider the following questions before you use the Fdisk and Format tools:

•Is the hard disk new? If not, view the second question.

Is this hard disk the only hard disk on your computer (master) or is this hard disk a second hard disk (slave)?

•Have you prepared the hard disk by following the manufacturer's instructions? It is important to set the jumpers and cabling according to the role of the hard disk (master or slave).

•Have you checked your basic input/output system (BIOS) to verify that it supports the hard disk or the second hard disk? If not, check the documentation that came with your motherboard, or contact the manufacturer. Typically, the BIOS has an auto detect hard disk setting that configures the drive, but you should verify this before you continue.

•What type of file system do you want to use? You can use either the FAT16 or the FAT32 file systems. If you are not sure which file system that you want to use, view the following articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

118335 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118335/EN-US/) Maximum Partition Size Using FAT16 File System

154997 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/154997/EN-US/) Description of the FAT32 File System

•Does the hard disk already contain data?

•Have you backed up all of your important data? If not, back up your data before you proceed. When you run the fdisk command to create, delete, or change a partition, all of the data on that partition is permanently deleted. Note that you can view current partition information without deleting your data. For additional information about how to install the MSBackup utility, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
152561 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/152561/EN-US/) How to Install Microsoft Backup View the Help file in the MSBackup utility for information about how to use this utility. If you want to use the MSBackup utility with a removable media device, view the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

188575 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/188575/EN-US/) How to Back Up to Removable Media Device Using Microsoft Backup Note that a backup utility is not included with Windows Me.

•Does the hard disk have a drive overlay or a disk management program? If your computer uses drive overlay software to enable large hard disk support, do not use the Fdisk tool until you have checked with the software manufacturer. If you are not sure, view the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article or contact the software manufacturer before you proceed:
186057 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/186057/EN-US/) How to Tell If Drive Overlay Program Is Installed in Windows

•Do you have the floppy disks or the CD-ROMs that are necessary to reinstall your software? Make sure that you have the software so that you can reinstall your programs after you partition and format your drive. If you purchased an upgrade for a program, make sure that you have the full version of the original program. Many upgrades for programs require a compliance check before you can install the upgraded product. If you cannot find the original floppy disks or CD-ROMs, contact the software manufacturer before you proceed.

•Do you have updated device backed up on a device other than the drive that you are about to format and partition? If you have installed an updated device driver for your peripheral devices (for example, modems, printers, and so on), make sure that you back up the new driver on a device other than the drive that you are about to format and partition so that you can reinstall it after you install your operating system.

•Do you want to combine multiple extended partitions in one extended partition? If so, view the "How to Repartition and Format the Extended Partition and Logical Drives on a Hard Disk" section in this article.

•Do you have a Startup disk? Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, and Windows Me prompt you to create a Startup disk during Setup. If you do not have a Startup disk:

a. Insert a blank floppy disk in the floppy disk drive (drive A).

b. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add/Remove Programs.

c. Click Create Disk on the Startup Disk tab.

d. After you create the Startup disk, you should test it. To test the Startup disk, insert it in the floppy disk drive, and then restart your computer. If you are using a Windows 98-based computer, the Startup menu is displayed. If you are using a Windows 95-based computer, a command prompt is displayed.

•Do you need Real-mode CD-ROM support? Some CD-ROM drives require Real-mode device drivers. If you are planning to use Windows 98 on your computer, the Startup disk contains generic, Real-mode ATAPI CD-ROM and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) drivers that can enable CD-ROM drives after you boot from the Windows 98 Startup disk. Note that these CD-ROM drivers may not work with all CD-ROM drives; they may work as a replacement if the Real-mode CD-ROM drivers that are included with your CD-ROM drive are not available. NOTE: If you insert your Windows 98 Startup disk, restart your computer, you may not be able to change to the drive letter of your CD-ROM drive (usually one drive letter ahead of where the drive letter typically resides because there is a random access memory [RAM] drive created by the Startup disk), because these drivers do not work with your CD-ROM drive. View the documentation that is included with your hardware, or contact your hardware manufacturer to obtain the CD-ROM device drivers.

How to Use the Fdisk and Format Tools

2007-11-28T09:08:00.000-08:00

Before you install your operating system, you must first create a primary partition on the hard disk (disk 1) on your computer, and then format a file system on that partition. The Fdisk tool is an MS-DOS-based tool that you can use to prepare (partition) a hard disk.
You can use the Fdisk tool to create, change, delete, or display current partitions on the hard disk, and then each allocated space on the hard disk (primary partition, extended partition, or logical drive) is assigned a drive letter. Disk 1 may contain one extended partition, and a second hard disk may contain a primary or extended partition. An extended partition may contain one or more logical MS-DOS drives. After you use the Fdisk tool to partition your hard disk, use the Format tool to format those partitions with a file system.

The file system File Allocation Table (FAT) allows the hard disk to accept, store, and retrieve data. Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 (OSR2), Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Millennium Edition (Me), and Windows 2000 support the FAT16 and FAT32 file systems. When you run the Fdisk tool on a hard disk that is larger than 512 megabytes (MB), you are prompted to choose one of the following file systems:

•FAT16: This file system has a maximum of 2 gigabytes (GB) for each allocated space or drive letter. For example, if you use the FAT16 file system and have a 6-GB hard disk, you can have three drive letters (C, D, and E), each with 2 GB of allocated space.For additional information about the FAT16 file system, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
118335 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118335/EN-US/) Maximum Partition Size Using FAT16 File System

•FAT32: This file system supports drives that are up to 2 terabytes in size and stores files on smaller sections of the hard disk than the FAT16 file system does. This results in more free space on the hard disk. The FAT32 file system does not support drives that are smaller than 512 MB.For additional information about the FAT32 file system, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
154997 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/154997/EN-US/) Description of the FAT32 File System When you run the fdisk and format commands, the Master Boot Record (MBR) and file allocation tables are created. The MBR and file allocation tables store the necessary disk geometry that allows hard disk to accept, store, and retrieve data. For additional information about MS-DOS partitioning and a hard disk geometry overview, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

69912 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/69912/EN-US/) MS-DOS Partitioning Summary

How to determine the type of motherboard in the computer.

2007-11-28T08:51:00.000-08:00

Below is a short listing of each of the different methods of determining the type of motherboard in your computer.
If the motherboard is in a working computer there are several different software programs capable of determining the type of motherboard in the computer. See document CH000017 under third-party programs for a complete listing of these programs.
Unfortunately, without any documentation, determining the manufacturer or model of a motherboard can be cumbersome if the above software solutions do not work. If you have lost your documentation and/or your computer did not included any documentation, you can open the computer and visually inspect the motherboard for a manufacturer and model. In many cases, computer hardware, expansion cards, and/or cables may need to be disconnected or removed before you can inspect all portions of the motherboard.When looking at the motherboard, the model number and/or manufacturer is usually on a white sticker or a silk screen on the very edge of the motherboard that will have a manufacturer, model, and/or part number that can be searched for additional information about the motherboard.
If you only need to determine the chipset and not the motherboard manufacturer or model see document CH000634 for additional information.
If you are looking for additional information about the type or form factor of the motherboard, please see our motherboard help page and/or form factor definition for additional information about each of the motherboard form factors and information on how to distinguish the type of form factor.
If you are unable to locate a manufacturer or model number of the motherboard, but are able to locate a FCC identification number, it is recommended that you perform a FCC search using that number. Additional information about FCC numbers and how to search for information about a FCC number can be found on our FCC dictionary definition page.

Chipset or driver update
Trying to determine chipset or motherboard information to update the computer motherboard drivers and/or BIOS. See our motherboard driver section for additional information on BIOS updates, chipset updates, and other software updates.
Additional information and help with BIOS updates can be found on document CH000236.
Additional information about determining the motherboard's chipset can be found on document CH000634.
Product listing or specifications
If you are trying to list all the specific information about your computer motherboard, specifying the manufacturer, form factor, and specifications of the motherboard is sufficient. Below is an example of how a motherboard could be listed in your system specifications.
Intel D815EGEW ATX using a 1.1GHz processor and 512MB of memory
Replacement or repair
If you are trying to determine the type of motherboard because it needs to be replaced or repaired, it is recommended that the motherboard be replaced. Because of the complexity of today's motherboards, it can be very difficult and costly to repair a motherboard and it will likely be easier and cheaper to simply replace the motherboard.
Additional buying tips on buying a computer motherboard can be found here.

HP & IBM Servers,Server Memory & Server Spare,

2007-11-21T08:25:00.000-08:00

HP & IBM Servers
Find a large inventory of HP & IBM Hardware â€“ New & Refurbished HP & IBM hardware and equipment for sale, Including IBM servers such as RS6000, pseries, iSeries, and AS400 Servers, memory and HP servers such as the HP 9000 series, HP Workstations, and HP Storage solutions

MSM Infotech, an independent HP & IBM Reseller, provides a wide variety of New HP-IBM Servers and used HP & IBM equipment such as:

>IBM Servers
>IBM Parts
>HP Servers
>HP Workstations
>HP Parts

Any of the hp & IBM systems can be configured to your exact specification.
In fact, we would be glad to buy any of these HP, IBM Servers from you as well.

Server Memory & Spare
Server Memory MSM InfoTech Sale SUN,
IBM,
HP,
COMPAQ,
DELL Servers Memories (ECC/Registered), We Provide 3 Years warranty for New Memories and 3 months warranty for Old Memories. You can get all model and all make memory for your servers, Desktop, Laptop, Routers

Server Spares
PS2- SUN Keyboards(New & Old)
USB-SUN Keyboards (New & Old)
Memory for SUN, IBM, HP, Compaq Servers(New)
Server HDD-SCSI,
Ultra SCSI,
DF SCSI,
Fiber SCSI Cards S/E,
D/F Fiber Channel Card Network Adopters Grafig Cards

http://www.msminfotech.net/store.php

Laptops - Accessories

2007-11-21T08:19:00.000-08:00

LAPTOP ACCESSORIES :
MOUSE,
HARD DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES,
EXTERNAL FLOPPY DRIVE,
CD DRIVE &DVDCOMBO

EXTERNAL,
BLUETOOTH,
USB DEVICES

ORCHID COLLECTIONS:
PEN DRIVE,
MP3 PLAYERS,
KVM SWITCHES,
LAPTOP SCREEN TFT,
ORCHIDCARD READER,
ORCHID I POD ACCESSORIES,
ORCHID BLUETOOTH DONGLES,
ADAPTERS & BATTERIES
Available for All Model & All Make

Laptop & Desktop Rental
MSM InfoTech Provide Laptop & Desktops for Rental

http://www.msminfotech.net/store.php

Linksys- Netgear-3COM (new)

2007-11-21T08:13:00.000-08:00

Linksys- Netgear-3COM (new)
LINKSYS:
8/16/24 Port Switches 54 MBPS Compact Router, 54 MBPS WIFI Router,

54MBPS Speed Booster, 54 MBPS USB Adapter, 54MBPS PCMCIA Card,

54 MBPS PCI Card, 54MBPS Range Extender, WIFI USB Print Server,

WIFI G ADSL Gateway, 54 MBPS WIFI-Access Point, 24 Port Layer 2 Manage,

Phone ADT for 2 Port, 300 MBPS WIFI Router

NETGEAR:
8/16/24 Port Switches, 16/24 Port Giga Switch, 24Port +4 Port,

48 Port Switch + 24 Giga, 54 MBPS WIFI Router, 54 MBPS PCI Card,

54 MBPS USB Card, 54 MBPS PCMCIA Card, 54 MBPS Access Point,

108 MBPS Router, 108 MBPS PCI Card, 108 MBPS PCMCIA Card

108 MBPS Access Point, 54 MBPS ADSL WIFI Router, 108 MBPS Range Max Routers,

108 MBPS Max A.P, 108 MBPS Range Max PCI Card, WIFI SKYPE Phone,

USB Print Server, Firewall Router + USB P.S

3COM

8/16/24 PORT SWITCH, 54MBPS COMPACT ROUTER, 54 MBPS WIFI ROUTER,

54 MBPS SPEED BOOSTER, 54 MBPS USB ADAPTER, 54 MBPS PCMCIA CARD,

54 MBPS PCI CARD, 54MBPS RANGE EXTENDER, WIFI USB PRINT SERVER,

WIFI G ADSL GATEWAY, 54 MBPS WIFI- ACCESS POINT, 24 PORT LAYER 2 MANAGE,

PHONE ADT FOR 2 PORT, 300 MBPS WIFI ROUTER

CISCO-IP Phone-Moudule-Fire WALL

2007-11-21T08:10:00.000-08:00

CISCO-IP Phone-Moudule-Fire WALL

CISCO IP PHONES MODELS:

Cisco IP Phone 7905G, Global -

Cisco IP Phone 7912G -

Cisco IP Video Phone 7985 NTSC -

Cisco IP Phone 7940G, Global-

Cisco IP Phone 7960G, Global-

Cisco 7920 Phone/APAC Configurable w/CCM or CCME Station UL-

Cisco IP Phone 7911G-

Cisco IP Phone 7902G, Global -

Cisco IP Phone 7971G-GE, Global, Gig Ethernet - Cisco IP Phone 7970G,

Global - CP- 7936IP Conf. Station w external mic ports -

Cisco IP Phone 7941 - Cisco 7920/FCC; CCM/CCME UL Reqd; Battery/PS Not Incl - CISCO PIX FIREWALL BUNDLES PIX Firewall Interfaces and Cards Cisco IDS Network Sensor Cisco Analog Telephone Adaptors .

CISCO Routers,Switches,Aironet-CABLES,

2007-11-21T07:46:00.000-08:00

CISCO Routers

We have been leading the competition in New & Refurbished Cisco, Routers Sale. You can get all model routers. New Unit Comes with One Year Warranty, Our refurbished units come with 3 months warranty .We also purchase old and faulty Cisco routers

CISCO 1700 SERIES 1720, 1721,CISCO 1800 SERIES
1841,
CISCO 2500 SERIES 2501, 2502, 2503, 2505, 2511, 2520, 2522

CISCO 2600 SERIES 2610, 2611, 2620, 2621

CISCO 2800 SERIES 2801, 2811, 2801, 2821, 2821

CISCO 3600 SERIES 3620, 3640, 3660

CISCO 3700 SERIES 3725

CISCO Switches

CISCO 2900 SERIES 2924 Switch,
2950-24 Switch New,
2950T-24 CISCO 3500 SERIES 3548,
Ws-c3560 -24TS,
3550 24 Fast Ethernet,
3560 24 Fast Ethernet NEW,
3750 CORE SWITCHES WS-C4503 NEW WS-X4013+TS = NEW PWR-C45-1000 AC = NEW WS-U4504-FX-MT = NEW GLC-GE-100FX = NEW

SERVER FIRM SWITCHES
NEW WS-C3560G-24TS-S NEW WS-C2960-24TT-L NEWEDGE SWITCHES
NEW WS-CE500-24LC NEW GLC-GE-100FX NEW WS-CE500-24PP NEW

CISCO ASA - Aironet-CABLES (new)

Cisco Wireless LAN Products -
Cisco Aironet Antenna -
Cisco Aironet Power -

Cisco 1410 Series Wireless Bridges -
1410 Series Bridges -
1310 Series Bridges -
1200 Series Access Point -
1200 Series Access Point Accessory -
1200 Series Access Point Radio Modules -
1100 Series Access Points -
1000 Series Access Points -
1000 Series Power Options -
1000 Series Accessories -
1130AG Series Access Points -
Cisco Aironet Cables -
WLAN Controller -
WLAN Controller Power -
WLAN Management Software - Antennas - 5 GHz

http://www.msminfotech.net/store.php

How To Download Mp3 To Psp

2007-11-02T02:19:00.000-07:00

How To Download Mp3 To Psp Learning how to download MP3 to PSP is not difficult. Once you know how, you will see this! Your PSP is a wonderful piece of electronic technology, it lets you watch movies and play games, even surf the web, but it loses part of its usefulness if you don't know how to use it. In this short guide I will show you exactly what to do to download MP3 to PSP.How to download MP3 to PSP Part 1How you should start depends on whether you already have MP3 songs saved to your computer. If you don't have this already, you will need to use
document.write.
software to “rip” the music from your CDs and save it onto your computer. Most modern computers will already have this software, but if yours doesn't, just do a simple search engine search, there is a lot of MP3
document.write.
available these days.How to download MP3 to PSP Part 1If the songs you want are already stored as MP3s on your computer, you can leave this step out. If not, you will need to convert them to MP3 using your software, if you have not already done so. Put your CD into the computer and use the ripping
document.write. to extract however

CD Duplication

2007-10-31T09:31:00.000-07:00

The Key to Protecting Your Data

CD duplication isn't quite as popular as it once was due to the recent popularity of iPods and other media players. Nonetheless, while fewer people may be saving their music to CDs so they can carry it around, there are still many people who like to make copies of their CDs for backup purposes, especially since Compact Discs can be very susceptible to data corruption due to scratching.

Often people consider CD replication and CD duplication to be the same thing. However, there are some major differences between the two methods. First of all, the CD replication process requires expensive professional quality equipment. Also, since CD replication is a process that is only useful for creating large numbers of copies, it is only legal if the entity doing the replication either has created the data stored on the disc themselves or has the consent of the actual copyright holder. CD duplication, in most cases, does not require the manufacturer's approval as it is done on purchased CDs in single quantities for home use only. The phrase 'CD duplication' actually refers to a couple of different procedures. The best way to choose the correct one is to take some time to decide one's specific requirements first. One person's requirements might vary from the next person's for a number of reasons. For one thing, what type of files will be copied? Will they be music, images, or data? Or will it be a combination of file types? Once you've determined your personal criteria, you can make an educated decision regarding features, price, etc. Most people will opt for an inexpensive CD duplication software program. There are tons of these available for download from the Internet, and most offer trial periods where you can familiarize yourself with the product and decide whether or not it's up to your standards before having to fork over any money. These days, most computers include a CD burner and the accompanying software at a minimum, so if you might be getting a new computer soon, you may wish to focus on the CD duplication programs that come with the machines you're considering. If you want to make one or two copies each of a large number of Compact Discs, then it might behoove you to investigate the possibility of contracting with a CD duplication company. They can even design labels for the discs, and some say they'll provide marketing, but if you need marketing, you might be getting into the realm of replication. Remember that if you're making numerous copies of one disc and offering it for sale, you must either be the copyright owner of have their permission. Otherwise, you may well be charged with software or media piracy. Anyway, a number of these duplication businesses can be found on the Web.

The fact that it's so easy and inexpensive to get cd duplication done is pretty amazing if you stop to think about it. Twenty-five years ago, it cost forty thousand bucks for a CD writer and fifty dollars for one blank disc. Now the writers come for free with every computer and the discs go for pennies!

pmdtech@yahoo.com

premduniya.blogspot.com

B2Evolution---

2007-10-31T09:20:00.000-07:00

Software with the Most Comprehensive Feature List

When François Planque forked b2evolution from version 0.6.1 of b2\cafelog in 2003, little did he assume that within three or four years this newly forked software will emerge as the most favorite tools among the bloggers---beginners or seasoned. This huge popularity can be attributed to the loads of features it come with; that turn it into much more than any other blogging tool. It is characterized by the ease of installation; if the webserver of the host happens to be LAMP compatible (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), the system can be installed in the server within minutes.

B2Evolution makes for a multi-lingual, multi-user and multi-blog publishing system, which is distributed under the GNU General Public License and as such can be downloaded free of charge. With the latest version of B2Evolution installed in your website, you will no longer need configuration file editing; all configurations will be handled through the installer or administrative back-end. B2Evolution is popular for the extra punches that it packs in its package. Let’s learn about them:

Multiple blogs support

* B2Evolution supports multiple blogs at the same time. It will require you to install the software once and you can use it for up to 1000 blogs at the same time on different pages, in different folders, or on different domains. This feature also allows you to display several blogs on the same page and you are allowed to add Photoblogs, Moblogs, Linkblogs, Blogrolls or likes in a snap.

AntiSpam Deluxe

* With an efficient combination of active and passive antispam measures, and with the help of community shared blacklist, the software works for blocking comments and referring spams.

Multiple users and authors support

* Through a comprehensive and detailed permission management, any user can be given permissions to read, write, edit or fully change any number of blogs.

Blog skins

* With the help of wide array of Evo-skins, you are not only allowed to customize the look and feel of your blog, you can also control how it behaves. The skins can be easily downloaded and installed

Plugin framework

* To add more volume to its already expansive list of features, you can take help from the B2Eevolution's advanced plugin framework. Some of the popular B2Eevolution plugins include Textile, Auto-P, Greymatter, BB code, Texturize, LaTeX, and graphic smilies. Plugins are also available to facilitate full integration with third party tools such as Gallery 2, YouTube and digg.

Advanced categorization

* This feature will help you break your blog into several categories and sub-categories to organize the posts under different themes. The software even allows assigning multiple categories to one particular post. In addition to that, it allows cross-posting among multiple blogs at once. To run b2evolution, you will simply need a webserver that can run PHP4, and a MySQL database. It remains the simplest and fastest way of taking your voice farthest across the web.

pmdtech@yahoo.com

premduniya.blogspot.com

How This Free Software Is Changing The Web?

2007-10-11T22:36:00.000-07:00

Joomla Revolution!

Joomla is changing the web, there is no one better sentence to describe what this young FREE SOFTWARE project is doing from two years ago. We all know that the web permeates today all sides of our life and therefore is perfectly comprehensible that Joomla, been born as a CMS for simplified construction of sites of all types, is interesting a lot of people around the world for the incredible amount of its FREE extensions, that are available through the central site extension.joomla.org, and for its large development community that give support and constantly enhancements of features. But now Joomla wouldn't not be more considered only a CMS, whatever are the applicative targets in which we are interested to use it for. The time of standalone applications is ending and therefore we should understand that a revolutionary web application platform as Joomla is the right solution that all people are waiting for. The new version of Joomla, currently in Beta2 state, is an innovative and intuitive implementation of the MVC pattern, a famous generalized programming architecture that force the developers to write a more scalable and manageable code and that give to others a lot of competitive advantages as User Interface separation, lower development cost, greater reusability and maximized stability and adaptability.

Joomla 1.5, that's the version number of the new platform, has been rewrote from the scratch by the Core Development Team to obtain a very powerful framework that will boost web developer productivity and that will maximize the users experience. Obviously the Core Team don't know what will be the really boom that this new project would generate on the web but we can admit for sure that the stable release is attended from thousands of people.

Joomla 1.5 have the great merit of not attempt to be a "all purpose application in itself", trying instead to give users a solid platform around which can revolve various types of third party developed web applications. Joomla 1.5 is using moreover only well supported and diffused technologies as PHP and MySQL and it join these ones with an Enterprise oriented vision.

Joomla 1.5 is not compatible with the old Joomla 1.0.X and therefore a lot of people are thinking that only a few part of already existing extensions will be adapted to this system. The problem is that not all extensions, more precisely a lot few, are compatible with the new version of this framework. Some people believe that a software, that already do well what it would have to be done, is already a perfect software and that there are no reasons to change the way it work. They can ask for: "Why I should change my perfectly running system?". The answer is simple: "Because the time is changing and is not possible to use again a bicycle to drive into an highway".

Joomla 1.5 will help developers to implement stronger and powerful applications that will be available only to who will approach a new web project using this new platform. At the same time others old Joomla extensions , that are not compatible, will remain out of a market that will have the maximum momentum in the nearest future.

Many people have talked in those last years about the end of Internet economy and about a possible crash of all the infrastructure. Nothing wouldn't be more wrong. Internet is the future and only now we are seeing it arriving in our real daily life. Internet is far from the period in which it was constituted of simple sites. Now internet is becoming a complex network of interactive systems and a lot of our social and economic habits are already based on it or they will be very soon. Every days thousands of people, companies and institutions join the big network with the objective of not only read/made some simple web pages.

Today we all ask for more interactivity and integrability of systems that get us capable of live and work in the new global world. Unfortunately users understanding is not evolving as fast as the global system in itself. We all also ask for solutions that simplify this tremendous competition and that will define a standard to help people in managing their web experience.

Evolution is not really if it is not for all and therefore a good solution MUST BE a FREE SOFTWARE one that people can use, modify, adapt and redistribute without limits. People need also simplicity because they wouldn't lose their time in trying to understand all the technological background.

Joomla 1.5 is offering NOW a FREE and REVOLUTIONARY web applications framework that with the use of thousands of external third party applications get users capable of implement their web place. It is very simple to install, config and use. Extensions are constantly growing and will cover all aspects of online activities very soon. Joomla 1.5 will be the best choice for every day web development when interaction and availability of software would not continue to be limited on a single workstation.

Joomla 1.5 will be the obviously choice for who will want to start projects with usability and simplification in mind. Joomla 1.5 will be the next web revolution for people that are not expert or guru. Joomla 1.5 will be the New Internet Indoor for who have never thought that he can do anything of this type. Joomla 1.5 will discover the Internet Potential of all people.

Website Maintenance For Your Website

2007-10-09T22:44:00.000-07:00

Spring Cleaning

Regular website maintenance is an important aspect of owning an online business. Just like a house, your website needs an annual spring cleaning. Certain website maintenance tasks should be performed throughout the year to keep content relevant. Other tasks can be done once a year. You may be worried that website maintenance is costly, but there are many budget web design methods that can be employed to get the job done. Here is a list of budget web design tips that will help you perform the regular website maintenance that every site needs.

Budget Web Design Tip 1

Visit Competitor Sites

The contents of your site should project the image that you want to promote. For example, if you have a fun website, you should have lively colors and graphics. If you have a website that is serious in tone, the look should reflect that. When performing any type of website maintenance, you should regularly check competitor sites to see what else is out there. While you're surfing the web, be sure to take notes on what you liked, what you didn't, and why. Use these notes to develop an original site that stands out among the competition.

Budget Web Design Tip 2

Analyze Your Website

To properly perform website maintenance, you need to know what your website needs. To determine this, put yourself in your visitors' shoes. Look around. Do you see anything that's missing or can be approved upon? If so, determine how it can be changed. You may also want to consider having a trusted friend or family member look over your site. Ask them to provide an honest assessment, and then use their opinions to better the site. Specific things you may want to ask them about include the site's look and feel, the ease of navigation, and the site content itself.

Budget Web Design Tip 3

Update Your Content

Refreshing content is the top reason to perform website maintenance. Keeping your news pieces and informational content fresh is important. If your web content is stale, visitors will search elsewhere for the things they need. Studies show that sites that are updated regularly have more returning visitors and higher page views. Search engines will also give you more attention if you regularly update your pages with fresh content.

Budget Web Design Tip 4

Learn New Design Skills

Credible websites look professional. If you don't have the design know-how to perform website maintenance yourself, brush up on your skills. There are many free classes and low priced ebooks online that can teach you everything you need to know to redesign your website. There are also many different tutorials that can take you through the process step by step. If you don't have time to learn as you go, you may also want to consider hiring a reasonable priced professional who can perform website maintenance and get the job done for you.

Budget Web Design Tip 5

Track Your Results

After you have completed the website maintenance and implemented a few changes, you will want to track the results of your efforts. Check the logs on your website to determine whether or not you had an increase in visitors or sales. If there are no changes after several months, you may want to consider stepping up your efforts. Run back through the list of budget web design tips. Was there anything you missed? Was there anything that you could do better? If so, take the time to do it. Remember, profitable websites aren't started overnight. They take hard work, dedication, and continuing efforts to succeed.